First Peoples
Before Spanish arrival, four major groups discussed in class had developed different ways of adapting to New Mexico's environment. Name all four.
Mogollon, Ancestral Puebloans/Pueblos, Navajo (Diné), and Apache
A Spanish explorer wants wealth, the spread of Christianity, and greater power and prestige for Spain. Which three motivations from your notes does this describe?
God, Gold, and Glory
If you were asked to identify the Spanish conquistador associated with the fall of the Aztec Empire?
Hernán Cortés.
Which Spanish leader arrived in New Mexico in 1598 with the intention of establishing a permanent Spanish colony rather than simply exploring the region?
Juan de Oñate
The Spanish had been in New Mexico for decades before a major coordinated uprising forced them out. What year did this uprising occur?
1680
If you entered a Pueblo community and were taken into an underground or partially underground ceremonial space, what type of structure would you most likely be in?
A kiva.
Columbus did not set out believing he was going to discover a completely unknown continent. What destination was he actually trying to reach by sailing west?
Asia
Cortés did not rely solely on his Spanish soldiers to communicate with Indigenous peoples. Which woman became especially important to his ability to communicate and navigate the cultures he encountered?
Malinche
An expedition has crossed much of the Southwest but now faces an extremely dry and dangerous stretch of land. What location from Oñate's journey does this describe?
The Jornada del Muerto.
The Pueblo Revolt involved many communities, but one religious leader became especially associated with organizing the resistance. Who was he?
Po'pay (or Popé)
A Navajo family needs a traditional home that can be constructed from materials available in its environment. What type of structure would fit this description?
A Hogan
Spain gives a colonist authority over Indigenous people with the expectation that the colonist will provide protection and religious instruction. What system is being described?
The encomienda system
A powerful Indigenous empire has suffered enormous population losses from a disease its people have never encountered before. Which disease from your notes had this devastating effect?
Smallpox
A Spanish expedition arrives at a Pueblo community, but disagreements over Spanish demands eventually turn into violence. Which Pueblo community became the site of Oñate's most infamous conflict?
Acoma Pueblo
If you could not explain the Pueblo Revolt with a single cause, what are three different problems that you could use to explain why tensions reached a breaking point?
Religious suppression, forced labor, disease, drought, famine, political conflicts, attacks on Pueblo religious practices, and tensions with Spanish authorities.
Two communities live in the same general region, but one depends heavily on settled agriculture while another moves more frequently in search of resources. What environmental factor could help explain this difference?
The availability of water, farmland, and other natural resources influenced settlement patterns and lifestyles.
Why might a European nation be willing to finance a dangerous ocean voyage rather than continue relying entirely on established trade routes?
European powers wanted greater access to valuable goods and wealth and sought new trade routes that could reduce the difficulties and costs of existing routes.
One conquistador is associated with Mexico, while another is associated with Peru. Who was the conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro
Colonial farmers need a reliable way to move water to agricultural fields. What Spanish-introduced system would help accomplish this?
Acequias.
Spanish officials attempted to suppress traditional Pueblo religious practices. Why could these policies have created resistance rather than simply increasing Spanish control?
Traditional religion was an important part of Pueblo life. Suppressing ceremonies, destroying religious objects, and punishing religious leaders created resentment and increased resistance to Spanish authority.
If you were comparing the Puebloans with the Navajo and Apache, what major difference in their relationship with the land would you notice?
Pueblo communities were primarily settled agricultural communities, while the Navajo and Apache were more mobile and relied more heavily on hunting, gathering, trade, herding, and movement through different environments.
Spanish arrival created opportunities for the exchange of goods, animals, crops, ideas, and beliefs. Why, then, did the same contact also produce conflict?
Because cultural exchange occurred alongside Spanish efforts to gain land, wealth, labor, and converts, which led to exploitation, religious conflict, and resistance from Indigenous communities.
The Spanish were greatly outnumbered in both Mexico and Peru. What advantages allowed small Spanish forces to defeat much larger Indigenous empires?
They benefited from Indigenous political divisions and alliances, Spanish military advantages, and devastating diseases such as smallpox.
Spanish colonization changed New Mexico in ways that went far beyond who controlled the land. Identify several areas of Pueblo life that were affected by Spanish colonization.
Political, economic, religious, cultural, and social life was affected. Missions, the Spanish government, labor systems, trade, and the introduction of European crops, animals, goods, and religious practices all influenced Pueblo communities.
The Pueblo Revolt was successful enough to force the Spanish out of New Mexico, but the story did not end there. Why did the Spanish eventually return, and how did the relationship change afterward?
The Spanish returned in 1692, but the experience of the revolt changed the colonial relationship. Spanish authorities had to deal with Pueblo communities differently, and the post-Revolt period involved a changed approach to Pueblo-Spanish relations.