Lycurgus
What was Lycurgus?
Mythological law giver
What is the name of a dual monarchy?
Diarchy
Besides the kings, how many other levels of government were there in Sparta?
3
How many members were there of each level of government - Ephors, Gerousia, Ekklesia?
5 x Ephors; 28 x Gerousia (+2 kings); Ekklesia - all citizens over 30yrs
Name the four levels of the Spartan social structure
Spartiates, Perioikoi; Inferiors; Helots
What is the Delphic Oracle?
Priestess at Delphi who muttered prophecies from Apollo
What were the names of the two royal families?
Agiads and Eurypontids
Name the three non-King levels of government
Ephors, Gerousia, Ekklesia
What does oligarchy mean? Which two levels of government represented the oligarchical element of government?
Rule of a few - the Gerousia and Ephors
What does 'homoioi' mean?
What is 'Eunomia'? Why was it important to the Spartan constitution?
'Good Order' - ensured equity and stability within the Spartan economy
What military roles did the Kings hold?
Supreme commander; declared war; held sacrifices; set up camp; ld troops into battle
Name THREE roles of the Ekklesia
Elected Gerousia and Ephors; voted on proposals - war and peace, foreign policy, succession. Listened to debates of kings/Ephors/Gerousia
Who created the Spartan Constitution? How were the terms of the constitution determined?
Lycurgus - Delphic Oracle
How did someone become a Spartiate at age 30? 4 things
Pass the birth test, complete the Agoge, own a kleros (land allotment), contribute to the syssition (messes)
Name 4 Lycurgan reforms
Political, Social, Economic - examples at teacher discretion
What were the 4 key roles of the kings?
List the main responsibilities of the Gerousia
Held criminal court cases; proposed laws to Ekklesia
Why would it be important to have an Ekklesia?
Democratic element - mixed constitution
Who were the 'dwellers around' and what were their jobs?
Perioikoi - trade and industry work, and were the skilled craftsmen and artisans
How did Lycurgus' reforms shape Sparta into a military society? Provide specific examples.
Economic, Social, Political organisations all focused on military
Name 2 privileges of the kings
Piglet from every litter; state funeral; Gerousia membership; Syssition privileges; religious ceremony guests of honour
In what ways could the Ephors be seen as more important than the two kings?
Could fine people and held trials of civil offenses; presided over Gerousia and Ekklesia; in charge of all facets of education; controlled army logistics; controlled Helots via Krypteia
Describe WHY Sparta would have such a mixed political struture
Diarchy, Oligarchy, Democracy - benefits and deficits
What measures were used to ensure that the Helots didn't revolt? Why?
70% of all people were helots- krypteia (secret police); public shaming and beatings; annual war declared against Helots by Ephors