Basic Terms
This is an inability or incapacity to perform a task or activity in a normative fashion.
What is a Disability?
This court case extended the Pennsylvania decision to include ALL children with disabilities, and established the constitutional right of children with exceptionalities to a public education.
What was Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia?
This public law mandates meaningful parent involvement. It requires that parents participate fully in the decision-making process that affect their child's education. Often referred to as the "Parent's Law."
What is PL 94-142?
This acronym states that all children, regardless of the severity or type of the disability they have, must be provided with an education appropriate to their unique needs at no cost to the parents.
What is FAPE (A free appropriate public education)?
He is known as "The Father of Special Education."
Who is Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard?
These are difficulties imposed by the environment on a person with a disability.
What is a Handicap?
This court case requires States' guarantee of a free public education to all children with intellectual disability ages 6 to 21, regardless of the degree of the individuals' impairment or associated disability.
What is Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania?
This public law's name is the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and is more commonly known as No Child Left Behind.
What is PL 107-110?
This acronym says that all children with disabilities are to be educated, to the maximum extent appropriate, with students without disabilities, and that placement must be consistent with the pupils educational needs.
What is LRE (Least restrictive environment)?
This blind educator developed a tactile system of reading and writing for the blind.
Who is Louis Braille?
This is specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of an individual recognized as exceptional.
What is Special Education?
This court case requires that placement in a general education classroom with supplementary aids and services be offered to a student with disabilities PRIOR to considering more segregated placements.
What is Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District?
This public law mandates services for preschoolers with disabilities, ages 3 to 5, and permits early intervention services for infants and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities.
What is PL 99-457?
This is a document created with parents/guardians, and is an "individually tailored" statement/plan describing an educational plan for each learner with exceptionalities.
What is an IEP (Individualized education program)?
This expert in early childhood education demonstrated that children are capable of learning at a very early age when surrounded with manipulative materials, in a rich stimulating environment.
Who is Maria Montessori?
This is a term defined by individual states, and refers to children - ages 3 to 9 - who perform significantly below developmental norms.
What is Developmental Delay?
This Supreme Court case affirmed the rights of parents to represent their children in IDEA-related court cases.
What is Winkleman v. Parma City School District?
This public law identified autism and traumatic brain injury as discrete disability categories, and established the requirement of an individualized transition plan (ITP) by age 16.
What is PL 101-476?
The purpose of this act is to assure that all children with disabilities will have available to them a free and appropriate education that emphasizes special eduction that meets their unique needs.
What is IDEA (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)?
This physician and educator developed teaching methods for children with intellectual disability, emphasizing sensorimotor activities.
Who is Edouard Seguin?
This is a term referencing differences within an individual; unique patterns of strengths and needs.
What are Intraindividual Differences?
This court case requires schools to offer special language programs to English learners in order to confer equal educational opportunity.
Was is Lau v. Nichols?
This public law established the requirement for students with disabilities to participate in state- and districtwide assessments, and that students with disabilities are to be involved in and have access to general education curriculum.
What is PL 105-17
The purpose of this act was to preserve the spirit of No Child Left Behind.
What is ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act)?
She was one of the first Americans to champion better and more humane treatment of individuals who are mentally ill.
Who is Dorothea Dix?