Graphs
What are the x and y axes of a waveform?
X: time, y: frequency
What are suprasegmentals also referred to as?
Prosody
What is the sampling rate?
Number of times per second that the computer picks off a part of the waveform and stores it in digital form (# of samples/sec)
What is fundamental frequency determined by?
Rate of vocal fold vibration = pitch
Where do you measure vowel formants?
Temporal middle of the vowel
What are the x and y axes of a spectrogram and what does the darkness represent?
x axis- time, y axis- frequency, darkness- amplitude
Why do children have a higher pitch than adults?
Smaller vocal tract = shorter vocal folds = faster vibration
What is the bit rate?
The number of amplitude levels available for storing amplitude in an analog signal
Is the antiresonance for /m/ or /n/ stronger, and why?
/m/ because it contains a larger back cavity
What is Fourier analysis?
A mathematical approach in which a complex waveform is decomposed into the frequencies and amplitudes of the component sinusoids.
What part of a spectrogram do changes in the vocal tract configuration affect?
Changes in formant frequency.
Those with apraxia of speech have a relatively ___ pitch pattern.
Monotone
What is Linear Predictive Coding?
Simplified, smoothed spectra from a Fourier spectrum
Fundamental frequency is ____ in perceptual terms
Pitch pattern
Which of the following sounds would not have vertical lines on the spectrogram, and why?
/a/, /s/, /p/, /e/
/s/,/p/, no voicing
What does each vertical line on a spectrogram represent?
Vocal fold vibration- a single glottal pulse is each line
What are 3 examples of suprasegmental features?
- Fundamental frequency (f) : variation in F0 over several segments
- Loudness: intensity contour
- Speaking rate
- Pitch
The sampling rate must be at least ___ the highest frequency of interest to estimate it correctly.
Twice
Why does the fundamental frequency of an adult differ from that of a child?
A child has a shorter vocal tract and smaller vocal folds, resulting in faster vibrations. An adult has a longer vocal tract and larger vocal folds resulting in slower vocal fold vibrations.
What are the three spectral measurements used to identify fricatives?
Peak frequency, dynamic range, spectral moments
What is the clinical application of a spectrogram?
It provides insight about the behavior of articulators in speech production.
When a sound is stressed, how does it affect the following?
Pitch, Loudness, Duration, Vowel quality
- Pitch- higher
- Loudness- greater
- Duration- longer
- Vowel quality - full
What is the goal of digital techniques for speech analysis?
To produce an accurate spectral analysis as a function of time.
Why is the fundamental frequency of /a/ different than /i/?
The location of the tongue during articulation affects the fundamental frequency.
What are four reasons to study speech acoustics?
- Make inferences of articulatory behavior
- Understand the acoustic signal used by listeners to perceive speech
- Analyze the best acoustic signal for computer recognition of speech
- Develop high-quality speech synthesis