Eimas et al.
What is Voice Onset Time (VOT)?
The time between the release of air (after a closure) and the beginning of voicing. Exists on a continuum!
What were the English speech sounds used to condition the Head Turning Procedure?
/ba/ and /da/
What is Infant Directed Speech (IDS)?
A distinctive style of speaking (usually characterized by slower rate of speaking, higher pitch, increased internal variation, simpler grammar and shorter sentences) that some adults use with infants.
What is a phoneme?
the smallest unit of individual speech sounds. Ex. /t/, /n/
What is Categorical Perception?
When a continuum of acoustic dimension is perceived as having distinct speech categories. Ex. There is a spectrum between /p/ and /b/, but we are good at perceiving these as separate sounds, even when there are very small differences at the boundary between them.
What is the name of the Native language that they drew speech sounds from?
Thompson/Salish
What is Adult Directed Speech?
What is an example of a bilabial stop?
/b/ or /p/ (other English examples include /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/)
True or False: 1-month and 4-month old infants were tested using the Head Turn Procedure.
False - High Amplitude Sucking
At what age did they find a significant decline in distinction of speech sounds?
10-12 months
For Experiment 3, half the infants could no longer discriminate the Salish speech sounds at 8-10 months.
What age were the infants in this study?
7.5 months
What was the name of the guy featured in the first video on phonetics?
Moti Lieberman
What is habituation and how was it used in this experiment?
Habituation is when a response to a stimulus decreases overtime due to prolonged presentation/exposure. In Eimas et al., when the infants in condition 1 and 2 habituated to the stimulus, they were presented with a new stimulus. When sucking rate increased after habituation, this was a sign that they detected the new stimulus.
What were the criterion that the infants needed to reach for successful discrimination?
8/10 correct responses on discriminating speech sounds with no more than 2 errors.
True or False: Infants who learned words in IDS did not recognize them when they were embedded in a sentence said in ADS
False
What are the three characteristics we use to describe consonants? (What are you doing with your mouth to make a phoneme?)
Place of articulation (where we pronounce it), Manner of articulation (configuration of articulators ie tongue, teeth, lips) and Voicing (vibration of vocal cords)
True or False: The Eimas et al. provides evidence that infants as young as 1 month of age had the ability to discriminate speech sounds categorically the same way adults do across the VOT.
True
What was the outcome of Experiment 3?
Replicates experiment 2 with a longitudinal design. Found that that ability to discriminate nonnative speech sounds declines greatly at around 10-12 months of age.
Name the four words used as training stimuli.
What is bike, hat, tree, pear.
What is prevoicing?
Voicing (vibration of the vocal cords) that occurs before the onset of the consonant's release.