Test 1
Definition of "language"
A complex system of signals with socially shared rules used to express meaning; language doesn’t have to be spoken - includes form, meaning, use
The definition of Phonetics
Study of the sound of human speech; lets us know relevant differences between languages
Define formant transition
Dynamic changes in formants over time as the vocal tract moves from its position for the consonant to the following vowel
What does perception depend on?
What is respiration?
Respiration is the physical process of gas exchange between a person and their environment. Human exchanging gases with the environment; anything outside of the speaker
Newton's First Law of Motion
Law of Inertia; An object will accelerate or decelerate only if acted upon by an outside (unbalanced) force
Describe the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
A system for transcribing speech sounds independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages; Represents each speech sound with one symbol
Characterize Stop spectrums
Characterized by stop closure (abrupt drop in amplitude in waveform & sudden loss of sound tracings above F0 on spectrogram) and a release burst
Spoken language does not have markers indicating ____ _______.
word boundaries;
The ___ is a large, dome-shaped muscle situated below the lungs and its function is to ___________________.
Diaphragm; helps inflate and deflate lungs
What kind of wave is sound?
Sound travels through the air in longitudinal waves
What are consonant articulatory features classified by? Define each
Voicing: Whether the speech sound is voiced or voiceless
Place: Where the speech sound is produced
Manner: How the speech sound is produced
What does stress combine together?
Stress combines frequency, intensity, and duration changes to convey relative emphasis (louder, longer, and higher F0)
Define categorical perception
Categorize variable input by giving greater perceptual weight to some acoustic differences than others, resulting in equal physical steps being perceived as unequal
Define articulation
Articulation broadly refers to the movement of one structure against another. In speech science, we focus on the movement of articulatory organs against one another.
Articulation also refers to the act of forming clear, distinct speech sounds
Name the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract structures
URT: nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
LRT: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
Define the two kinds of coarticulation
Anticipatory Coarticulation: future sounds influence the present sound
Perseverative Coarticulation: previous sounds influence the present sound(s)
What is childhood apraxia of speech? How may it sound
A motor speech disorder that makes it difficult to speak due to difficulty carrying out an indented movement; robotic, aprosodic, and/or dysprosodic
The thalamus is _____________________.
Important for processing auditory information. A gateway for sensory information/Relay station to the cortex
What are the functions of the Eustachian tube and where in the ear is it?
Middle ear; pressure equalization and clears mucus
What is pleural space? What is it filled with?
Given any periodic motion having a fundamental frequency n, the same motion can be reduced to one particular set of simple harmonic motions of suitable amplitudes and phases whose frequencies are n, 2n, 3n, 4n, 5n, …
The middle ear functions as a _____ and in three different ways
impedance transformer; Impedance: difficulty of signal transmission through a medium. The middle ear increases energy transmitted in 3 ways
1) Surface area difference between the tympanic membrane & oval window (x 17)
2) Lever action of malleus & incus (x 1.3)
3) Tympanic membrane buckling (x 2)
Differentiate the white matter in the cerebrum:
Projection fibers: Axons of neurons that leave cerebral cortex and project to basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, etc.
Commissural fibers: Connect similar cortical areas between hemispheres, E.g., corpus callosum
Association fibers: Interconnect cortical areas on the same side
Lobes of the cerebrum and their functions
Frontal: motor (precentral gyrus), executive function
Temporal: auditory
Parietal: somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus), association areas
Occipital: visual
Limbic: system not lobe (hippocampus, amygdala), emotions