Questions from the Midterm
Air moves from areas of _________ pressure to areas of _____________ pressure.
high pressure to low pressure
Where are /t/ and /d/ produced?
Alveolar ridge
What are formant frequencies?
The frequencies that are amplified by the vocal tract
How are consonants classified?
By Place, manner and voicing
Describe what happens to the vowels in the word "hit" vs "hid" because of co-articulation.
Vowels are longer when they come before a voiced consonant
Which cartilage is responsible for moving the vocal folds?
Arytenoid
What is a class II occlusion?
Consists of an overjet and a small mandible
What is F1 related to in the vocal tract?
The volume/size of the pharyngeal cavity or tongue height
Describe the place, manner and voicing for "ch"
Voiceless palatal affricate
Describe the f1/f2 ratio of a person with dysarthria
Low ratio, because formants are closer together indicating a smaller vowel space
A tube with a smaller volume will resonate with ____________ frequencies (high/low)
high
Describe the role of intrinsic tongue muscles and their attachments.
Have both attachments in the tongue and are responsible for fine movements and adjustments of tongue shape
How would you describe the formant frequencies for /a/ a low back vowel?
A High F1 and a Low F2
How are fricatives produced?
When air flow is forced under high pressure through a narrow channel in the oral cavity
Describe the errors of a child with a hearing impairment.
Neutralization of vowels and difficulty with suprasegmentals
A longer separation time of the vocal folds indicates what type of voice?
Breathy Voice
Describe how and when the velum closes
The velum closes via contraction of the velum, lateral pharyngeal wall and posterior pharyngeal wall. It closes during production of all oral sounds
Describe the spectrogram of a diphthong
How are glides produced?
When the tongue moves smoothly are rapidly from its position for one vowel to the position for another vowel
Describe the errors of a child with nasal emissions.
Compensatory articulations, where the place of articulation changes (i.e: pharyngeal fricative)
Describe the parts and shape of the vocal tract.
It consists of a bent tube with the oral and nasal cavities having a horizontal position and the pharynx having the vertical position
What is the relationship between fundamental frequency (source function) and vocal tract (transfer function) shape?
They are independent of one another, the fundamental frequency can change but that does not mean that the shape of the vocal tract will change
Describe the spectrogram of a voiceless fricative.
Fuzzy, aperiodic noice because it is voiceless there will be no voice bar.
What can a spectrogram tell us about a child with a speech sound disorder who is producing /t/ for /k/.
When you ask the child to produce /t/ and /k/ and the spectrograms are different this means they have productive knowledge of the sound and you can start to work on articulatory placement. If the spectrograms are the same that means they dont have productive knowledge and you may want to start therapy with auditory discrimination.