Nature of Sound
What is frequency?
The number of cycles per second.
The most important muscle of respiration is the_____
Diaphragm
What is one disorder we discussed that can affect the respiratory system?
Parkinsons, stuttering, voice disorders, CP, paradoxical vocal fold motion
How many layers do the vocal folds have?
5
What is shimmer?
Variation in a persons amplitude.
Are sound waves longitudinal or transverse?
Longitudinal- the molecules move the same way the wave travels in.
What are lung volumes?
The amount of air in the lungs at a given point in time.
How do individuals with voice disorders breathe?
Typically they are clavicular breathers
What do the arytenoid cartilages do?
Sits on top of the cricoid and is responsible for moving the vocal folds.
What is the gold standard of laryngeal imaging?
Videostroboscopy
A tube with a larger volume will resonate.....
lower frequencies
Why is intrapleural pressure important?
Because it allows the lungs and thorax to move as one.
What is paradoxical vocal fold motion?
A spasm of the vocal folds causing them to close during inspiration
Explain that mucosal wave.
VF do not open and close as one mass they open from bottom to top and close from bottom to top.
Electroglottgrpahy may indicate the person has an aperiodic voice if the waveform is __________
not uniform, does not have uniform peaks.
What do line spectrums show and what is on each of its axis?
The show the fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies. Frequency is on the x-axis and amplitude is on the y-axis.
List 2 ways speech breathing is different from breathing for life.
Speech breathing is through the mouth
Speech breathing spends more time on the exhale
Speech breathing has a greater volume of air inhaled and exhaled
Speech breathing requires more muscle activity
Speech breathing required the abdomen to be more inward
What are characteristics of the speech/voice for parkinsons?
monotone, imprecise articulation, breathy, low intensity and weak. Breathy and weak typically due to poor respiratory support
What is the muscle responsible for abduction?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Botox
Explain the difference between a waveform and a spectrogram.
Spectrogram- time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis. Amplitude is shown based on shading.
Explain how we breathe
Inspiration- the diaphragm contracts (lowers). This causes the volume of the lungs to increase. Air moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure. As the volume of the lungs increase the air pressure decreases. This causes air to be able to rush into the lungs.
Expiration- because the diaphragm wants to go back to its original position (due to recoil forces) the diaphragm relaxes and makes the volume of the lungs smaller. This increases the pressure in the lungs and the air moves from an area of high to low pressure thus causing the air to move out of the lungs.
Provide a goal for stuttering that can be used to treat the respiratory system.
Answers will vary.
How do the vocal folds vibrate?
The vocal folds vibrate because of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation. In order to initiate vf vibration the vocal folds are adducted. This causes a build up in subglottal pressure. Once subglottal pressure increased enough the vocal folds are blown open. The sound wave then travels through the system and is articulated. The vocal folds adduct again because of recoil forces and elasticity, also the pressure is negative and creates a vacuum.
Explain one of the types of alaryngeal speech.
–Artificial larynx – use of a device that electronically generates sound. Holds the device to their neck, tone is transmitted through tissue in the vocal tract and then articulated
–Esophageal speech – voice that is produced by taking air into the esophagus and then releasing through the pharynx. As the air is released it vibrates the pharyngoesophageal segment to produce sound
–Tracheosophageal speech- surgical hole is placed between the back wall of the trachea and the front wall of the esophagus. A one way valve is inserted which allows air from the trachea to be changed into the esophagus and released through the PE segment.