CAN YOU CUT IT?
the production of goods from one's home (originally families who produced textiles as spinners and weavers; now used to refer to any type of goods)
Which social group in Europe was the largest, making up 85% of the total population?
DEFINE enlightened absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers
three values of the Prussian civil service workers' code during the reign of Frederick William I
(1) obedience, (2) honor, and (3) service to the king
DEFINE global economy
patterns of trade which cross national borders and connect the world economically
IDENTIFY water frame
Developed by Richard Arkwright in response to increased demands for cotton, the water frame was powered by water (or by horse) and spun yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels could.
DEFINE the patricians
a small group of very wealthy people in Europe in the 18th century (the term 'patricians' originated in ancient Rome with landowners who became Rome's ruling class)
DEFINE enlightened ruler
a benevolent ruler; according to the philosophes, this was a ruler who (1) allowed basic human rights, (2) nurtured arts, sciences, and education, and (3) obeyed the laws and enforced them fairly
What is the time range for 20.1?
1700-1815
Which two nations built very profitable colonial empires over the course of the 18th century due to expansive trade?
France and England
LIST two developments which came about as a result of the increased demand for cotton clothing
(1) the water frame and (2) mechanized looms
DEFINE orders
the traditional division of society by class into social groups called 'estates'; was common in Europe beginning in the Middle Ages and continuing well into the 18th century
To Frederick II (Prussia) and Catherine II (Russia), maintaining _______ took priority over _____.
maintaining __the existing system__ took priority over __reform__.
the main reason for the rapid growth of population in 18th century Europe
falling death rate (according to page 609)
How did trade affect the world in the 18th century?
Trade boomed in 18th century; trade expansion led to the emergence of a global economy; patterns of trade connected Europe, Africa, the Far East, North and South America.
IDENTIFY scribbler machines and explain the controversy surrounding them
scribbler machines are mechanized apparatus which prepare wool for spinning; "twelve men are thrown out of work for every single machine used" [note: this was related to the wool industry, not the great increase in demand for cotton which characterized this time, yet it also marks the switch from hand labor to machine labor]
DEFINE the Junkers
Nobility/landed aristocracy of Prussia, owned large estates with many serfs, were officers in the Prussia army.
Of the rulers in 20.1, only _______ sought truly radical changes based on Enlightenment ideals.
Joseph II of the Austrian Empire
Name the leaders associated with Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and Russia (according to what we've read in 20.1)
Prussia: Frederick William I and Frederick II
Austrian Empire: Joseph II
Russia: Peter III and Catherine II
What is the difference between a revolt and a revolution?
A revolt is marked by (1) renouncing allegiance, (2) armed uprising, (3) vigorous dissent. A revolution is marked by (1) a sudden, radical, complete change, (2) an overthrow of one government in favor of another
In Europe in the 18th century, the most important product was _____.
textiles.
Earlier in Europe, the homeless poor had been seen as ____. By the 18th century, however, there had been a drastic change in attitude. Charity to beggars, it was argued, _______.
Earlier in Europe, the homeless poor had been seen as __the blessed children of God (helping them was a Christian duty)_. By the 18th century, however, there had been a drastic change in attitude. Charity to beggars, it was argued, __encouraged their idleness and led to crime__.
_____ issued ____* decrees and ____** laws in his effort to change Austria.
*this should also be a number/quantity
**this should also be a number/quantity
Joseph II; 6,000 decrees; 11,000 laws
Although 18th century expansion was probably due to a lower death rate over all (page 609) page 614 talks about how "18th century cities experienced a high death rate, especially amongst children, due to ____, ____, and ____.
(1) filthy living conditions, (2) polluted water, and (3) lack of sewers
Tell me everything you know about three patterns of trade, including the nations and goods involved.
(1a) gold and silver went from South America to Spain, (1b) then went to Britain, the Dutch Republic, and France where it was traded for manufactured goods. (1c) British, Dutch, and French merchants then used those profits to buy tea, spices, silk, and cottons from China and India to sell in Europe. Another important trade pattern was (2) plantations in America produced tobacco, cotton, coffee and sugar which they then sold to Europe, and (3a) British ships carried British manufactured goods to Africa where they were tragically traded for enslaved peoples, (3b) who were then shipped to America and paid for with tobacco which was then shipped back to Britain.