Pathology
What do you call the wedging of 3 or more consecutive vertebra?
Scheuermann's kyphosis.
What are the 3 columns of the spine?
What is the difference between custom fit and custom fab orthoses?
A custom fit orthosis is an OTS brace that requires clinical expertise to manipulate the brace in order to achieve the perfect fit. A custom fab brace is fabricated specifically for the patient's body, and often involves measurements and/or casting.
Give three examples of unstable fractures.
Burst, chance, bilateral facet fracture
What orthosis can you don without moving the patient?
SOMI
What bony condition can lead to the loosening of surgical implants?
Osteoporosis
What anatomical structure is most critical to spinal stability?
The posterior longitudinal ligament.
What are the two common non-anatomical landmarks you should mark when taking a plaster bivalve TLSO cast?
1. G-tube
2. Baclofen pump
What is a Chance fracture?
An unstable fracture that affects all 3 columns of the spine.
What is unique about the aspen vista CO?
Adjustability
A "scotty dog" fracture is indicative of what condition?
Spondylolysis
What is the landmark of T9?
Inferior angle of the scapula.
What percentage of slippage is considered a grade 3 spondy?
50%-75%
How do you safely move a patient with a spinal injury? How many people does it take?
Log roll, performed by 3 people.
What can you add to an LSO to help stabilize an injury below L4?
A unilateral thigh extension/hip spica
What is the term used to describe a narrowing of the spine, and what sensation can it cause?
Spinal stenosis, which can lead to radiculopathy.
Which spinal ligament resists spinal extension?
Anterior longitudinal ligament.
What anatomical landmarks should you mark for a bivalve plaster TLSO cast?
Costal margins, waist, sternal notch, pubic symphysis, ASIS, scapula, xiphoid, greater troch
What kind of injury could be caused by a tree branch falling onto someone's head? (axial load)
Jefferson fracture.
What are the trimlines of a custom thermoplastic TLSO?
Superior: Extend to sternal notch (T2) and spine of scapula (T3).
Inferior: Extend to pubic symphysis and sacrococcygeal junction.
What is the expected progression of un-braced neuromuscular scoliosis?
Curve progression, pelvic obliquity, cardiopulmonary compromise, decreased tone, contractures, and osteoporosis.
What makes up the Functional Spinal Unit?
The superior and inferior vertebra, the intervertebral disc, and the two facet joints.
What are Fryette's 3 laws?
1. When the spine is in neutral, sidebending to one side will be accompanied by horizontal rotation to the opposite side.
2. When the spine is in a flexed or extended position, sidebending to one side will be accompanied by rotation to the same side.
3. When motion is introduced in one plane it will reduce motion in the other two planes (sagittal, coronal, transverse).
Which fracture is caused by extreme extension? (common in gymnasts)
spondylolysthesis/spondylolysis
What orthosis is comparable to the HALO for injuries below C2?
Minerva