Biomolecules
What are the 4 main types of macromolecules?
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Where in a eukaryotic cell is DNA held?
The nucleus
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?
Metaphase
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
List one organism type that can perform this process.
Chloroplast ; plants, algae, euglena, cyanobacteria
What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
Which biomolecule provides the most long-term energy storage?
Lipids
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosome
What is the phase where the cell spends most of its life growing and performing normal functions?
Interphase
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce energy (ATP)
What type of bond holds together complementary nitrogenous bases? Is it strong or weak?
Weak hydrogen bonds
What are 2 factors that could cause an enzyme to become denatured?
Temperature and pH
List 2 ways that eukaryotic cells are different from prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells: larger, contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, more complex, and divide by mitosis or meiosis.
Prokaryotes: smaller, no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, simple, divide by binary fission
What is the purpose of mitosis?
To produce 2 identical daughter cells
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the first step of DNA replication?
DNA is unzipped down the middle by helicase (an enzyme)
What is the name of the substance on which an enzyme acts?
Substrate
List 3 organelle differences between plant and animal cells
Plants have chloroplasts, cell walls, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells do not.
Animals have lysosomes and centrioles, while plant cells do not.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?
Plant cells form a cell plate.
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
What is the name of the type of respiration that is performed without oxygen?
How much ATP is produced in this process?
Anaerobic (fermentation)
2-4 ATP molecules
Explain the meaning of “semi-conservative” replication.
Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand
List the monomers of each biomolecule type.
Carbs - monosaccharides/simple sugars
Lipids - fatty acids
Proteins - amino acids
Nucleic acids - nucleotides
List 4 things that are present in every cell, regardless of its type.
DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribososmes
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
DNA is replicated.
What are the two types of respiration we discussed that occur without oxygen?
List a food product that is created as a result of each of those processes.
Lactic acid - yogurt and cheese
Alcohol - bread, beer, wine
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
DNA replication ensures that each of the new daughter cells receives its own copy of the DNA.
So the new cells are identical to the orignal cell.