Fallacious Reasoning
Assuming the effects of one action will inevitably result in an avalanche of bad future actions or outcomes
What is slippery slope argument?
The need and pressure to win, which can sometimes lead to unethical behavior(s)
What is the win imperative?
Not necessarily related to legal status, this term refers to how a team, athlete, or organization is perceived by stakeholders
What is legitimacy?
This is another term for image repair theory
What is image restoration theory?
When a crisis communicator or organization refuses to respond to requests for information or clarification, that is called _____________
What is stonewalling?
More than two options exist, but the argument says a solution must be the better of only two choices
What is false dichotomy?
This happens when deviant behaviors are accepted because people have gotten used to the fact that they are done
What is normalization of deviance?
The "Four Rs" of crisis management, according to Zaremba, are relationships, reputation, responsibility and ______________
What is response?
A crisis communicator needs to consider what crises might arise, so they do not rely solely on their own virtue theory or quick judgment and common sense in the midst of the turmoil of a crisis situation. They are not only reactive - they must also be _____________
What is proactive?
This term refers to threatening an accuser, journalist, or stakeholder with legal or physical harm, or harm to their livelihood or reputation
What is intimidation?
Conclusions are quickly drawn from incidents or circumstances that do not actually or sufficiently support the conclusion(s)
What is hasty generalization?
Normally a major medal winning country, this country did not participate in the 1980 Olympics because this country's ethical values were opposed to the values of the host country
What is the United States?
This theory contends that there are multiple audiences that need to receive messages that, to some extent, can vary
What is stakeholder theory?
One way to repair an image is by shifting attention away from the central crisis to another problem, or by showing how the current crisis is different from another example of wrongdoing by others. This could be done using transcendence, or you could use _____________________
What is differentiation?
Reputations matter in many ways. One benefit of having a good reputation is that if a crisis comes up, people may be inclined to believe the accused is not guilty. This phenomenon is known as the _______
What is the halo effect?
Also known as the bandwagon fallacy; this argument says if others endorse it, it must be good or correct
What is ad populum argument?
Resolving cognitive dissonance by excusing an unethical choice is an example of this
What is rationalization?
This Enlightenment author argued that humans are rational and should be ruled by the consent of the governed in his 1689 book, Two Treatises of Government
Who was John Locke?
A crisis communicator says they cannot believe something happened, and they are appalled that it happened on their watch because it is not what their brand represents. This technique is called ____________
What is mortification?
Trying to minimize an athlete's gambling problem by calling attention to their youth sports foundation, their financial support of a local hospital, and their kindness to their mother is a technique known as b________
What is bolstering?
Just because something occurred after another event, the second phenomenon was caused by the first one
What is a post hoc, ergo propter hoc argument?
Low perceived ambiguity in communication is a somewhat sneaky goal of someone using this type of communication
What is strategic ambiguity?
If your audience and/or stakeholders believe what you are saying, or "honor the account," they may be inclined to act as an agent of your team, athlete, or league with this type of behavior
What is supporting behavior?
This technique involves alleging that the accused person/organization could not reasonably be considered at fault, even if they committed an unethical action.
What is defeasibility?
When a league explains what steps it will take to make it impossible for a particular type of cheating to ever occur again, they are describing this type of image repair
What is corrective action?