Stages of Learning
Identify the three Stages of Learning
Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous
Define Observational Learning
Observational learning is learning by watching and imitating others.
Identify which athletes benefit most from random practice
Identify a recreational facility located in the greater Ballarat area
Answers will vary. Some examples may include Mars Stadium, Selkirk Stadium, Minerdome etc.
Warm-ups should include what types of movements
Dynamic movements (both in stretching and body movements, such as high knees and 'sweeping the chooks' as examples)
Define the Autonomous Stage of Learning
'After extensive practice, learners are able to perform a skill with little thought about the sequence of movements.'
Identify the four subprocesses within the ARM model
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Describe the benefits of blocked practice
Blocked Practice allows for one skill to be repeated (Example: 50 free throws in a row). It is predictable, creating stronger immediate performance during training.
Identify a recreational facility located in the Ballarat East area
Answers will vary, but may include Russell Square, Eastern Oval, Mt Xavier Golf Course etc.
Identify hazards we may need to consider in the REC during a session
Answers may vary, but could include:
- Wet patches on the floor
- Ensuring the poles have their padding installed correctly
- Not leaving equipment laying around in the area we are using
Explain what Manipulative skills are
Manipulative skills are large motor skills involving an object such as a bat, ball, racquet, or jump rope. Examples of manipulative skills include pushing, pulling and lifting.
Describe one of the four subprocesses within the ARM mode
Attention – Focus on important cues that you notice the athlete is producing while performing a skill.
Retention – Store in memory the cues/steps of the skill you are trying to learn.
Reproduction – Perform the skill in the same way as the athlete has performed it, using the cues that they demonstrated.
Motivation – The athlete needs to want to copy the skill correctly.
Define Contextual Interference
Contextual Interference can be defined as practising multiple skills in a mixed order, which reduces performance in practice but improves long-term learning and transfer.
Outline where recreational facilities may receive their funding.
Recreational facilities receive their funding through a variety of different ways, including council budgets, state or federal budgets, community grants, and volunteering, fundraising, and/or sponsorships.
Outline why it is important for sessions to have drills and games that focus on the same skill within a session
By focusing on a specific skill and performing it in closed (drills) and more open (game) types of environments, it can assist the athlete with improving their performance of the specific elements of the skill in different situations, and therefore overall performance of the skill.
Compare the difference between Gross and Fine motor skills
Gross motor skills involve large groups of muscles to create movements, such as walking, running, and jumping. Fine motor skills include movements using small muscle groups that tend to be precise. They involve high levels of hand-eye coordination, such as a snooker shot or playing the piano.
Outline how observational learning can improve performance
Observational learning is a great benefit for athletes looking to improve their performance. It may help athletes to learn complex skills faster, reduce trial-and-error, improve confidence, and further understand strategy.
Outline a plan for basketball training where blocked and random practice are both utilised, and contrast how each part of the session is different.
Blocked - Players have a ball each, and are instructed to take 20 shots from each mark around the key, before taking 20 layups from each side of the ring, 25 free throws, and 25 three-point attempts from directly in front of the ring.
Random - Players are instructed to take a ball between two, and take shots from different positions in and around the three-point line and key. Athletes will take 40 shots in a row, with their partner rebounding for them. They can not shoot from the same spot twice in a row, and need to take a combination of layups, jump shots and free throws
Outline how recreational facilities aim to be more accessible and inclusive.
Modern facilities aim to:
- Be accessible to people of all abilities
- Provide inclusive play and sport spaces
- Encourage community participation
Example: Inclusive play spaces designed for all ages and needs.
Outline a possible skill drill you could run during a soccer session focused on passing
Answers will vary; however, there must be a clear focus that the activity centres around passing. examples may include lanework, 5 star passing, hashtag passing etc.
Justify why running is classified as a locomotor skill.
Locomotor skills are those motor skills in which the feet move the body from one place to another. As running is a skill where a person moves quickly through the use of their body from one location to another, it can be classified as a locomotor skill.
Analyse how vicarious reinforcement or punishment may improve the performance of an athlete
Athletes learn from the consequences others receive. If, during a game, an athlete notices a teammate getting praised, it may lead to an increase in their motivation. On the other side, if they notice a teammate get benched after making a mistake, it may lead to a decreased likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.
Evaluate how random practice supports long-term retention
Random practice improves long-term retention because it forces the learner to reconstruct the skill on each attempt. This increases cognitive effort and retrieval from memory, strengthening neural pathways and improving adaptability in game situations. As an example, when an athlete completes layups, free throws, and three-point attempts in a random order, they need to construct the steps required for each randomly, mirroring game-like conditions and improving the fluidity of performance of each of them.
Compare outdoor spaces and indoor facilities as recreational spaces. In your answer, include examples from within the Ballarat community.
In Ballarat, we have a variety of both outdoor and indoor recreational facilities that benefit different groups of our society.
Largely, the outdoor spaces in Ballarat (e.g. Victoria Park or Lake Wendouree) are free to use and can be used most of the day, if not throughout the day (depending on whether organised sport is occurring at some times through bookings with organising groups or councils), whereas most indoor spaces (e.g. Selkirk Stadium or the Ballarat Aquatic and Lifestyle Centre) will incur a fee or require a membership to be able to access.
Justify how the BEEF (Balance, Elbow, Eyes, Follow Through) principle best supports cognitive level learners with developing their shooting technique
As the principle breaks the skill down into four simple and easily achievable steps, it makes it easier for a cognitive learner to chunk the skill into manageable steps to help them perform it correctly. Each step also focuses on different areas of the boy, so learners can think about each of these during their performance.