Unit 1
Water's properties of cohesion and adhesion are primarily driven by the partially negative charge of this atom.
What is oxygen?
During the process of transcription, the nucleus develops a high concentration of mRNA. To transcribe, enzymes, such as RNA Polymerase are needed. These enzymes are synthesized by ribosomes here.
What is the cytoplasm/cytosol?
Without a gradient, formation of ATP would be next to impossible! Luckily, during oxidative phosphorylation in chloroplasts, we have this compartment to establish an H+ gradient.
What is the thylakoid space?
Steroid hormones are often involved in long-distance signaling - commonly referred to as this.
What is endocrine signaling?
A scientist hopes to determine how environmental temperature affects the activity of the enzyme amylase, which typically exists in human saliva. A positive control group would hold the enzymes at this temperature.
What is human body temperature (37 Degrees Celsius)?
Glycine and Alanine are two amino acids that form nonpolar interactions between R Groups. A disruption to these interactions would primarily affect this level of protein structure.
What is tertiary structure?
Beta-galactosidase is a lysosomal protein tasked with hydrolyzing some glycosidic linkages. It is likely synthesized by this organelle.
What is the Rough ER?
When an enzyme inhibitor is less effective at completing its job when substrate concentration is increasing, it's likely this type of inhibitor.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
This term refers to the activation of many numerous proteins/signaling molecules using one (or few) initial receptors.
What is signal amplification?
A scientist obtains a highly concentrated solution of starch. When 0.35 M amylase solution is used, the reaction rate is approximately 1.8 umol/sec. When a 1.05 M enzyme solution is used, the reaction rate will be this.
What is 5.4 umol/sec?
Ribosomes - both free and bound ones - are tasked with forming peptide bonds between amino and this type of functional group.
What is a carboxyl group?
Water is observed moving into a cell with a 0.25 M concentration. This indicates that the cell must be this word for "comparatively higher tonicity."
What is hypertonic?
Though unable to produce ATP for the cell, lactic acid fermentation aids in the regeneration of this.
What is NAD+ (NOT NADH!)?
Mitosis typically occurs when an organism is growing or repairing tissue. First, however, DNA must be duplicated in this portion of interphase.
What is S Phase?
When studying the effects of Vitamin D supplements on the health of a group of patients, a dermatologist found that the supplements did not increase or decrease calcium absorption. Because of these findings, he should statistically do this.
What is accept the null hypothesis/reject the alternate hypothesis?
This pyrimidine is typically only found attached to a ribose sugar.
What is uracil?
The rate of osmosis seems to increase when salts like CaCl2 or MgCl2 are used in comparison with NaCl or KBr. This is likely because of their high this.
What is ionization constant?
Simply transferring phosphate groups between molecules in this process is one way to form ATP in glycolysis.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
A failure for the Smooth ER to reform the nuclear membrane during division likely means errors will occur during this phase of mitosis.
What is telophase?
Defects in succinate dehydrogenase activity often lead to less-than-stellar production of FADH2, leading us to believe that succinate dehydrogenase acts in this location.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Hydrolysis reactions often have products with lower free energy as compared to the reactants. This reaction releases energy and increases disorder, which is referred to as this.
What is entropy?
These proteins are only loosely attached to the phospholipid bilayer, which makes them different from their integral counterparts.
What are peripheral proteins?
During the process of cyclic electron flow, this protein complex works overtime to produce ATP.
What is Photosystem I (PSI)?
Lysosome-mediated apoptosis is sometimes triggered by greater-than-normal mitotic activity. Biochemically, mitotic activity is controlled by this complex.
What is an MPF?
When at an substrate concentration of 1.5 M, an enzyme works at a rate of 4.0 umol/sec. Increase the substrate concentration to 2.0 M, and find that the enzyme's rate remains unchanged, meaning the enzyme has done this.
What is reached its Vmax?