Bonding Types
If sodium metal is put into water, the reaction is violent. When chlorine gas is released, it is never safe. Yet, I can make this type of bond between these two elements and eat it on my french fries.
What is ionic compound? (Also known as a salt)
This fundamental law of chemistry is the reason we must balance chemical equations, stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a reaction.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
This term describes the numerical relationships between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation, and serves as the foundation of all stoichiometric calculations.
What is mole ratio (or stoichiometric ratio)?
Of ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, this bond type is the only one that allows electrons to flow freely through the material in its solid state, making it an excellent conductor of electricity.
What is a metallic bond?
This type of chemical reaction involves a substance combining with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and is the same process that occurs when you burn a candle or run a car engine.
What is a combustion reaction?
In this type of bond, electrons are shared equally between two atoms of the same element, such as in Cl₂ or N₂.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
In a chemical equation, the substances written on the left side of the arrow are called this, representing the starting materials that are consumed during the reaction.
What are reactants?
To convert between grams and moles of a substance, you divide by this value, which is found by adding up the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.
What is molar mass?
Ionic compounds shatter when struck because their layers shift and like charges repel, while metals bend and flatten instead — this property of metals that allows them to be hammered into sheets is explained by their freely moving electrons.
What is malleability?
In this type of reaction, two compounds swap partners — the positive ion of one compound pairs with the negative ion of the other — and it is commonly observed when two aqueous solutions are mixed and form a precipitate.
What is a double displacement reaction (or double replacement)?
In this type of covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally due to a difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, creating partial positive and negative charges on each end.
What is a polar covalent bond?
When balancing _C2H5OH + _O2 → _CO2 + _H2O, this is the correct set of coefficients that makes the equation balanced. (Hint: Balance the Carbon atoms first, then Hydrogen, and finally Oxygen.)
What is C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
1,3,2,3
In the reaction N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃, if you start with 4 moles of H₂, this is how many moles of NH₃ can be produced.
What is 2.67 moles?
4 mol H2 (2 mol NH3/3 Mol H2) = 2.67 mol
Ionic compounds conduct electricity only when melted or dissolved, metallic compounds conduct in solid and liquid state, but most covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity in any state because they lack these two things that both ionic and metallic substances possess.
What are freely moving charged particles (ions) or delocalized (sea of) electrons?
When 2.5 moles of CO₂ are converted using Avogadro's number of 6.022 × 10²³, this is the total number of CO₂ molecules present, expressed in scientific notation.
What is 1.506 × 10²⁴ molecules?
With a pretty big difference in electronegativity but no metals, I can be confusing to classify. My asymmetrical shape gives me away.
What is a polar covalent bond?
To balance the equation _Fe + _O₂ → _Fe₂O₃, these are the three smallest whole-number coefficients in order.
What is 4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃?
4,3,2
When two reactant amounts are both given, this is the term for the reactant that gets completely consumed first, dictating the maximum amount of product that can form.
What is the limiting reagent (or limiting reactant)?
Both ionic and metallic bonds form this type of highly organized 3D arrangement of particles, but they differ in what occupies the lattice points — ions held by electrostatic attraction in one case, and positive metal cores surrounded by delocalized electrons in the other.
What is a crystal lattice structure?
When drawing the Lewis dot structure of CCl₄, each C-Cl bond is polar due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and chlorine — yet the overall molecule is nonpolar because of this geometric reason.
What is the symmetrical shape causes all bond dipoles to cancel out?
This bond type is unique in that its strength increases with the number of valence electrons contributed per atom, which is why tungsten — with 6 valence electrons — has the highest melting point of any pure metal at over 3,400°C.
What is a metallic bond.
When balancing the reaction _KMnO₄ + _HCl → _KCl + _MnCl₂ + _H₂O + _Cl₂, this is the coefficient in front of HCl in the fully balanced equation. (Hint: start by doubling the KMnO4 and balance the Cl on the product side last)
What is 16?
2KMnO₄ + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl₂ + 8H₂O + 5Cl₂
In the reaction 2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃, if you start with 142 grams of Cl₂, this is the mass in grams of AlCl₃ produced, assuming 100% yield. (the molar mass of Cl2=70.9g, and AlCl3=133.5g)
What is 178.3 grams?
142g Cl2 (1 mol Cl2/70.9 g Cl2)(2 mol AlCl₃/3 mol Cl₂)(133.5g AlCl₃/1 mol AlCl₃) = 178.3g AlCl₃
At room temperature, metallic bonds produce solids, ionic bonds almost exclusively produce solids, but covalent bonds are unique in that they can produce substances in all three states of matter — this is why these three familiar substances, one a solid, one a liquid, and one a gas, are all covalently bonded despite existing in completely different states.
What are examples like diamond (solid), water (liquid), and carbon dioxide (gas)?
Calcium sulfate, diphosphorus pentoxide, and silver each represent a different bond type — correctly matching all three to ionic, covalent, and metallic respectively earns full credit in this category.
What is calcium sulfate is ionic, diphosphorus pentoxide is covalent, and silver is metallic?