Pharmacology
Systems
Clinical
Patho
OB
100
How long does a patient have to wait before starting an SSRI after taking an MAOI?
At least 14 days
100
What are the three types of headaches and what are the distinctions in their presentation?
Tension, migraine, cluster
Tension- bilateral, tightening/ pressing quality, mild-mod pain
Migraine- unilateral throbbing pain, sensory abnormalities, premonitory triggers
Cluster- occur in clusters then remission, severe/ sharp pain, up to three hours of intense pain per episode, up to 8 episodes per day
100
How many times do you flush an IV when administering IV push meds?
Once before and after, and between every med
100
What are the two kinds of obstructive strokes and how do they differ?
Embolic- a clot forms and travels to the point of the blockage
Thrombotic- a clot forms at the site of the blockage
100
What essential patient teaching point is needed for a woman going into the second trimester?
No laying flat on the back
200
What are 3 absolute contraindications for TPA?
Use of anticoagulants, prior ICH, active bleeding, severe HTN, recent trauma
200
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure?
Left sided heart failure; overtime, increased workload weakens RV and it fails gradually.
200
What is the single most important risk factor for cancer?
Age
200
How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?
If a patient presents with any combination of 3 out of 5 traits;
abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting CBG greater than 100
200
What are the 5 criteria by which you assess a newborn and give it an APGAR score?
Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration
300
What is the MOA of a metoprolol?
By blocking beta-1 receptors, metoprolol decreases the force of cardiac contractions, leading to a reduction in heart rate and cardiac output.
300
What is the leading risk factor for delirium?
Dementia
300
What is the diagnostic distinction between dementia and delirium?
Rapid onset is present in delirium and goes away if underlying cause is treated.
300
What are the two key differences between normal/ healthy cells and cancer cells?
Loss of contact inhibition and unregulated growth
300
What is an early decel a sign of when taking a FHR?
Head compression
400
How do stimulants treat ADHD in children?
Stimulants do not suppress rowdy behavior directly. Rather, they improve attention and focus. Impulsiveness and hyperactivity decline because the child is now able to concentrate on the task at hand
400
What are the 4 types of mutations in genomics?
*BONUS* which mutation has the worst results?
Insertion, substitution, deletion, frame shift
Frame shift
400
What is the BEFAST acronym?
400
What is the patho For Alzheimer’s Disease?
As part of aging, people develop plaques in the brain; with AD, there are more plaques in certain parts of the brain
- Plaques are clusters of insoluble deposits of β-amyloid, other proteins, remnants of neurons, And non nerve cells
400
What are the distinctions between true and false labor?
False labor
- Lack of cervical effacement and dilatation
- Irregular contractions do not increase in frequency, duration, and intensity
- Pain may be relieved by ambulation, changes of position, resting, or a hot bath or shower
True labor
- Progressive dilatation and effacement
- Regular contractions increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity
- Pain usually starts in the back and radiates to the abdomen
500
What does betamethasone do? When do you give it?
Given to the mother in utero (antenatally) via injection, it stimulates the synthesis and release of surfactant in the baby’s lungs, helping to mature the lungs and improve breathing.
500
What is the difference between type 1 and 2 bipolar disorder?
BONUS
1. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one episode of mania, which can be severe and potentially dangerous. Depression can also occur, but it’s not a requirement for diagnosis.
2. Bipolar II Disorder: Features periods of depression alternating with hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than manic episodes in Bipolar I. Hypomania can be a significant disturbance, but it’s not as extreme as mania.
500
What are the distinctions between unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI?
500
What is the difference between heart failure with REDUCED ejection fraction and heart failure with PRESERVED ejection fraction?
HFrEF- Inability for heart to pump blood effectively
HFpEF- Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
500
What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy?
Estrogen causes uterine contractility, breast and uterine tissue enlargement
Progesterone promotes slowing of the GI tract, relaxation of uterus and smooth muscle, vasodilation