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What were mercantilists?
Europeans who were not feudal lords or nobles, but became wealthy as a result of trade.
What was vernacular?
A language that that common people could read and understand.
Who was William Shakespeare?
What did Martin Luther teach?
He taught that sins could be forgiven only by God and that sacraments were not needed to participate in church services.
Who was Francis Xavier?
He was a saint known for spreading Christianity to many people in Asia as a missionary.
Was Italy unified? What was it divided into?
Italy was divided into city-states which had their own style of government and special industries based on their resources.
What was the Renaissance?
The name historians call this era due to the "rebirth" of Roman and Greek culture which inspired it.
Who was Dante Alighieri?
An Italian poet who wrote "The Divine Comedy", a depiction of Heaven and Hell that he used to comment on the society.
What was the Reformation?
The spread of Martin Luther's ideas (as a result of the printing press) that caused many people to convert to Protestantism.
Who was Teresa of Avila?
Who were the Medicis?
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A famous painter and inventor known for using three-dimensional perspective and realistic and complex emotion in his art. Some famous works of his are the "Mona Lisa" and "Last Supper".
What was used to mass produce books/Bibles?
The printing press
Who was John Calvin?
A French protestant who argued that people were "predestined" to be saved, but that they had no ability to be forgiven by God if they were predestined to not be. They believed in an extremely strict form of Christianity.
What happened at Council of Trent?
What was humanism?
The belief that human beings are capable of great wisdom, and should be proud of their accomplishments
Who was Michaelangelo?
An artists known for using humanism in his sculptures and paintings, such as his famous painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, depicting the creation of the world.
Who was Galileo? What theory did he create?
Galileo was an astronomer known for arguing that the Earth went around the sun, which was called the heliocentric theory.
What was the main language Bibles were printed in before?
Latin was originally one of the only languages Bibles were printed in, however Catholicism and Protestantism spread quickly when Bibles were printed in other languages too.
What did King Henry VII create?
He created the Church of England and became a Protestant in order to divorce his wife.
What was secularism?
The idea that art could represent subjects that were not religious at all, or only partly religious.
How were artists from Northern Europe different from Italian artists?
Artists from Northern Europe made Renaissance art that was more realistic and detailed.
Indulgences were a promise to remove one's sin sold to pay for cathedrals.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Counter-Reformation was an attempt by Catholics to recover from the rise of Protestantism by converting many new people to the Catholic faith.
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A massive conflict between several countries over Catholicism and Protestantism.