Metabolism
If the energy of products is higher that that of the reactants, it is known as a(n) ______ reaction with a (+/-) Delta G?
Endergonic, +
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix after Glycolysis
The Bridge Step (Pyruvate Oxidation)
In plants, generates ATP from ADP during the light reactions
Photophosphorylation
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of _______, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
Chromatin
This has one set of chromosomes from each parent, example: fertilized egg
Zygote
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. What is this typically mediated by?
Energy Coupling, ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Oxidizing and Reducing Agent?
O2 is oxidizing agent (is reduced)
Glucose is reducing agent (is oxidized)
Chlorophyll B and Carotenoids are examples of _____ pigments and are mainly contained in Photosystem ___.
Accessory, II
List the cell cycle for mitosis in the correct order
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Mitosis: Division of Nucleus ; Cytokinesis: Division of Cytoplasm)
When does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Prophase I
These catalyze reactions by lowering the EA barrier
Enzymes (Do NOT affect delta G)
__ cycle(s) take place during the Krebs Cycle step of cellular respiration
2 (one for each Acetyl CoA)
_____ is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to _____. _____ is released as a by-product of this reaction.
H2O, P680, O2
An apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
Mitotic Spindle
Some species of frogs and ants contain 7 pairs of chromosomes, assuming that these chromosomes undergo independent assortment, how many possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are there?
27 = 128 possible combinations
May either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity
Allosteric Regulation
Form of it: Cooperativity
Why does NADH produce more ATP than FADH2?
NADH enters the ETC at complex 1 (higher), which allows for more protons to be pumped across the mitochondrial membrane which creates a higher proton gradient, which in turn generates more ATP synthesis. Whereas FADH2 enters the ETC at complex 2 (lower).
Inputs, Outputs, and Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Inputs: ATP , NADPH , CO2
Outputs: ADP + Pi , NADP+ , G3P (sugar)
Where: Stroma in Chloroplast cell
Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control (Hint: think of your Forum)
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
What does the letter n represent
The number of chromosomes in a single set in a given organism (Humans: n = 23 ; 2n = 46)
Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction
Induced Fit
Suppose you have 1 pyruvate molecule, proceed through cellular respiration after glycolysis. How much ATP would you have at the END of the ETC?
(this is a hypothetical question, you CAN have .5 of an ATP molecule in this scenario)
Bridge : 1 cycle; 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2
Krebs Cycle : 1 cycle; 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
ETC : 1 ATP , 4 NADH x2.5 = 10 ATP , 1 FADH2 x1.5 = 1.5 : 12.5 ATP
Explain the differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants.
C3 plants: initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound. In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells. This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase
CAM plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids. Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle.
Explain/Draw the process from Prometaphase to Anaphase
Mitotic Spindle from centrosomes attaches to kinetochores on chromosomes, Nuclear envelope disappears into fragments, Chromosomes line up on Metaphase plate, Chromosomes pulled apart into daughter chromosomes by mitotic spindle, pulled towards centrosomes
Name the three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation. Describe one of them.
Crossing over, Independent Assortment of Chromosomes, Random Fertilization (Could also accept Mutations)
Crossing over: non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange DNA segments
Independent assortment: each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs
Random fertilization: Any sperm can fuse with any ovum