(Ch27) Bacteria and Archaea
These prokaryotes have adapted to use light as a source of energy.
What are phototrophs?
This type of phylogenetic group consists of ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group?
A unicellular fungus that under anaerobic conditions ferments sugars to alcohol and CO2
The ancestor of both fungi and animals.
What are colonial flagellated protists?
The central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals that work in both the digesting and distribution of nutrients.
What is the gastrovascular cavity?
Smaller rings of DNA that can replicate independently, be transferred, and are not needed for special contingencies. Help with genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance
What is a plasmid?
Harpoon-like thread ejected from a ciliate as a defense mechanism or means to capture prey.
What is a trichocyst?
General term for a fungal infection (i.e., ringworm, athletes foot, etc.)
What is a mycosis?
Equips the organism with the ability to meet environment equally from all sides and is associated with sessile/planktonic organisms.
What is radial symmetry?
In a cnidocyte of cnidarian, this is a specialized capsule-like organelle containing a coiled thread that when discharged can penetrate the body wall of prey.
What is a nematocyst?
(Note: found in Cinidaria phylum NOT Nematoda. Prefix 'Nema' means thread-like.)
In this type of gene transfer, a virus is involved. The virus takes the infected cell's genetic material, leaves and enters the recipient cell, inserting the transplanted DNA.
What is Transduction?
Unicellular algae with unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica (silicon dioxide). They can withstand pressure as great as 1.4 million kg/m2 and are major components of plankton in ocean and lakes. Massive accumulations of these are major constituents of sediments called diatomaceous earth. When not eaten, their bodies sink to the ocean flow and CO2 is ‘pumped’ to the ocean bottom.
What are diatoms?
Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium.
What is a mold?
The evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body, associated with bilateral symmetry.
What is Cephalization?
Animals in this phylum are asymmetrical, monoecious, and have no tissues. They are sessile suspension feeders.
What are Porifera?
A sticky, secreted substance that forms another outside protective layer for the cell that is dense and well-defined. It enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrates or to other individuals to form a colony. It can protect against dehydration and a host's defenses.
What is a capsule?
These algae have a cell wall made of cellulose and have two flagella for movement through the water. Explosive blooms of these cause 'red tides' in coastal waters. Toxins are produced by certain species of this, which cause massive kills of invertebrates and fish.
What are dinoflagellates?
A fungus that lacks septa and whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei.
What is a coenocytic fungus?
These animals have only two germ layers – the ectoderm is the layer covering the surface of the embryo and gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and the endoderm is the innermost germ layer which lines the developing digestive tube and tract (archenteron).
What are Diploblastic animals?
It is found in brachiopods, ectoprocts (bryozoans) and phoronida (worms), and is a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.
What is a lophophore?
These are heat-stable lipopolysaccharide protein complexes which form structural components of gram negative bacterial cell walls and are released when the cell dies/lyses.
(HINT: ex: Salmonella typhi)
What are Endotoxins?
Common unicellular protist in soil, freshwater, and marine environments. Most are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and/or other protists. Have pseudopodia for movement and feeding.
What are Amoeba?
Club fungi that include the deadliest mushrooms such as: Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, and all species under the name, ‘destroying angel’. This phylum also includes stinkhorns, puffballs, mushrooms, earth stars, jelly fungi, etc. The fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is often seen in fairy tales despite being one of the most poisonous mushrooms. The members have small ‘clubs’ on their gills that produce spores.
What are Basidiomycota?
This type of development begins with spiral cleavage and smaller cells lie in grooves of larger cells. It is determinate meaning cells are already determined to what they do, taking one away will create a missing part. The coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm. The blastophore becomes the mouth.
What is protostomal development?
Species in this phylum can be free-living or parasitic and have a complete digestive tract and alimentary canal but no circulatory or respiratory organs. They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic. Examples include pinworms and heartworms
What is the Nematoda (Roundworm) Phylum?