lithosphere
what are the three conditions for fertile soil?
a sufficient amount of minerals, an appropriate pH, adequate moisture
what is the role of the thermohaline circulation?
connects currents and moves water around the world. it is responsible for major heat transfers around the world which regulates Earth's climate
what is an air mass?
large expanse of atmosphere with relatively uniform temperature and humidity
what is this element: Na
Sodium
what is the formula for energy efficiency?
useful energy/total energy used x 100
what are some consequences of melting permafrost?
major landslides, housing instability, high emissions of methane released
what are the impacts of melting glaciers and ice floes?
rise of sea levels, decrease in salinity in the oceans, affects thermohaline circulation, affects climate
what happens in a cold front?
warm air rises rapidly then cools, forms cumulonimbus clouds, heavy rain and wind produced
what do groups represent on the periodic table?
number of valence electrons
what is the law of conservation of mass?
mass of products = mass of reactants
what are the soil horizons?
organic matter, topsoil, subsoil, fragmented parent rock, unaltered parent rock
what technologies are used to produce electricity in the hydrosphere?
underwater turbines, hydroelectric dams
what are anticyclones and what weather do they produce?
area of atmosphere circulation surrounding a high pressure center.
clear skies, summer: dry and sunny, winter: cold and clear
what is the difference between heat and temperature?
heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two environments with different temperatures
temperature is the degree of agitation of particles
what are the components of a fire triangle?
ignition temperature, fuel, oxidizing agent
what are some environmental impacts of mining?
acidic drainage, loss of biodiversity, air contamination, deforestation
what are some impacts of human activity on waterways?
toxic spills, acid rain falls into water, fertilizers and pesticides washed into watershed
what technologies are used to produce electricity in the atmosphere?
wind turbines, solar panels, underwater turbines
what are three characteristics of non-metals?
poor heat conductors, gas at room temperature, non-ductile
what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what are some characteristics of minerals?
inorganic substances, naturally existing on Earth, ordered atomic structure, distinct chemical compositions
what impacts waterflow in a catchment area?
topography, geology, climate, vegetation, agricultural urban and industrial developpment
what is the greenhouse effect?
natural process that allows the earth to retain some of the heat from the sun by trapping it in the atmosphere using ghg's
what are common characteristics of alkali metals?
very reactive, 1 valence electron, excellent conductors
what are the three types of combustion?
rapid, spontaneous, slow