Science Inquiry Skills
The three types of data
objective quantitative, subjective quantitative, qualitative
Obedience involves responding to a direct order from this type of figure.
Authority Figure
What did Pavlov's experiment on dogs demonstrate?
Classical conditioning (explain)
What is the primary purpose of ethical guidelines in psychological research?
The primary purpose of ethical guidelines is to protect research participants, ensure the integrity of research, and uphold the reputation of psychology and psychologists.
How is the relationship between attitudes and behaviour described?
Bi-directional
The three types of research design
Experimental, observational, qualitative
This type of social influence occurs when people conform because they want to be liked or accepted by the group.
Normative Social Influence
How does punishment differ from reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Punishment reduces frequency of a behaviour. Reinforcement increases frequency of a behaviour.
Why is the right to withdraw an important ethical consideration in psychological studies?
The right to withdraw ensures that participants can leave a study at any time without penalty, protecting their autonomy and minimizing potential distress or harm.
Identify 3 persuasion strategies. Explain one.
The norm of reciprocity / Door-in-the-face / Foot-in-the-door
When a study is likely to result in the same data if repeated it is said to be
Reliable
Describe one factor that can influence the strength of the link between attitudes and behavior.
Strength, specificity, accessiblity
Using examples, explain the difference between negative reinforcement and aversive punishment
Punishment = giving something to reduce a behaviour - negative reinforcement is removing something to increase a behaviour.
How does ethnocentric bias pose ethical challenges in psychological research, particularly in cross-cultural studies?
Viewing someone through your own cultural lens can lead to misinterpretation and therefore problematic changes as a result of the data e.g. funding or law changes
What are the key features of the Yale Attitude Change Approach? Explain the importance of each of them.
Source / Message / Audience
Example of a situational and participant variable
Many answers possible!
This term describes the cognitive frameworks we use to organize and interpret information about others, helping form first impressions.
Schemata
How does learning through observation differ from operant conditioning?
Learning through observation occurs by watching others and imitating their behaviors, while operant conditioning involves learning through direct experience and consequences of one's own actions.
What ethical concerns were raised by Bandura, Ross, and Ross's Bobo doll study?
The study raised ethical concerns regarding the potential for emotional harm to children, lack of informed consent, and the absence of follow-up to address any aggressive behaviors learned.
Which route from the ELM is more likely to form/change lasting attitudes? Why?
Central route
In testing the effectiveness of two different stress-reduction techniques (mindfulness meditation vs. deep breathing) by measuring stress levels, the standard deviation for mindfulness group was much higher than breathing group. What does this mean?
Mindfulness worked very well for some but really poorly for others. Deep breathing was more consistent in its effects
Explain how "confirmation bias" contributes to the maintenance of stereotypes.
The tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs, reinforcing stereotypes
Describe the evidence for mirror neurons in the brain and their involvement in observational learning.
Mirror neurons activate both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that action, suggesting a neural basis for imitation and learning through observation.
Describe the ethical violations in Seligman’s learned helplessness experiment.
Seligman's experiment involved exposing animals to distressing situations without proper ethical safeguards, lacked consideration for their welfare, and did not ensure debriefing or humane treatment of the subjects.
Four strategies to change attitudes and reduce prejudice
Education / Intergroup contact / Superordinate goals / Direct experience