🌍 POPULATION & MIGRATION
What percentage of Australia's population live in cities?
Approximately 90%
Define urbanisation and why it occurs.
Movement from rural to urban areas for jobs and services.
Define population density.
People per square km; shows crowded or sparse areas.
Name two negative environmental effects.
Any two of: increased air and water pollution from factories/vehicles, increased carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels contributing to climate change, deforestation and loss of green spaces, loss of flora and fauna habitat, waste generation and landfill issues, traffic congestion, or noise pollution.
This capital city is home to the Eiffel Tower and has a population of about 2.2 million in the city proper. Which city is it?
Paris, France. Paris is one of the most famous capital cities in the world and a major tourist destination. It is located in northern France along the Seine River.
Name two push factors for leaving rural areas.
Few jobs, poor services, natural disasters, or low wages.
Name three factors that enhance liveability.
Any three of: pleasant climate and water availability, high environmental quality (clean air/infrastructure), safety and security from hazards/crime, access to public spaces and recreational areas, strong community and cultural identity, welcoming attitudes to diversity, good access to services (education, healthcare, shopping), or access to technology and employment.
What is the smallest type of settlement?
Hamlet
Explain one positive social consequence of urbanisation.
Better access to schools and healthcare.
This is the capital of Australia, located inland between Sydney and Melbourne. It has a population of approximately 460,000. Name this planned capital city.
Canberra, Australia. Canberra was purpose-built as the capital in 1913 to settle the rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne. It is located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
What factors influence natural population growth?
The three main factors are: (1) Birth rate - number of births per 1000 people, (2) Mortality rate - number of deaths per 1000 people, and (3) Life expectancy - average number of years people live. Natural growth = Birth Rate minus Mortality Rate.
What is sustainable urban development?
Planning cities to meet needs now without harming the future.
Define liveability.
Liveability is an assessment of what a place is like to live in, using criteria such as environmental quality, safety, access to shops and services, and cultural activities. The Economist uses: Healthcare, Education, Stability (and others like safety, infrastructure, and culture).
What’s one job-related problem from rapid urbanisation?
Too few jobs → unemployment and poverty. Although there are more jobs in cities, often more people migrate to urban areas than there are available jobs. This creates fierce competition for employment. Those who cannot find work may experience poverty, homelessness, or resort to begging.
This Asian megacity is the world's most populous urban area with over 37 million people in its metropolitan region. It is located on Honshu Island and hosted the Olympics in 1964 and 2021. Which megacity?
Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo is the world's largest megacity and serves as Japan's capital. The Greater Tokyo Area (including Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Saitama) has a population exceeding 37 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area globally.
Explain what asylum seekers are and why they migrate.
People fleeing war or persecution to seek safety in another country.
Compare the liveability factors between a developed megacity and a developing city
Developed megacities typically have: better infrastructure, accessible healthcare/education, stable government, environmental regulations. Developing cities often face: overcrowding, inadequate services, environmental pollution, safety concerns, informal settlements.
Explain the difference between push factors and pull factors for migration.
Push factors are negative reasons that motivate or force people to LEAVE a place (e.g., unemployment, war, natural disasters). Pull factors are positive reasons that attract people TO move to a place (e.g., job opportunities, good education, pleasant climate, safety).
Give one positive and one negative economic effect of Urbanisation
Positive: businesses benefit from having workers with diverse skills; infrastructure development creates construction jobs; technology sector grows. Negative: inadequate infrastructure leads to business inefficiency; unemployment in depressed areas; informal/unregistered businesses operate outside taxation.
This rapidly growing megacity in West Africa has over 14 million people and faces severe challenges with infrastructure and informal settlements. It is located on the coast and is Nigeria's largest city (but NOT the capital). Name it.
Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos is Nigeria's largest city and economic hub, though Abuja is the capital. Lagos faces rapid urbanisation, with approximately 70% of residents living in informal settlements (slums). It is located on the Atlantic coast in southwestern Nigeria.
Describe three challenges faced by newly arrived migrants to a country.
Any three of: language barriers (difficulty communicating), culture shock (adjusting to different customs), finding permanent employment, discrimination or racism, housing difficulties, lack of established social networks, or adjusting to different climate/environment.
Describe three factors that influence rural-to-urban migration. Include examples.
Three factors: (1) Economic - better job opportunities and higher wages in cities vs limited rural employment; (2) Services - access to better education, healthcare, technology in urban areas; (3) Social/Environmental - more recreational opportunities, cultural activities, and less harsh environmental conditions in cities.
Define 'seasonal migration' and give an example.
Seasonal migration is movement to an area for employment based on seasons. Examples: fruit pickers moving for harvest time, ski instructors working in winter resorts, agricultural workers following crop cycles. It's a form of temporary internal migration that repeats regularly.
Describe one cultural consequence and one infrastructure consequence of rapid urbanisation.
Cultural: Traditional concepts of family may change as multi-generational households split up; cultural identity may be diluted or enriched by diversity. Infrastructure: development of roads, utilities, water systems, but also overcrowding of services, inadequate housing leading to slums, or traffic congestion.
This megacity is the capital of Bangladesh and has over 22 million people, making it one of the world's most densely populated cities at approximately 23,000 people per square kilometer. It is located on the Ganges Delta. Name this city.
Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dhaka is one of the world's most densely populated megacities and fastest-growing urban areas. It faces extreme challenges with overcrowding, traffic congestion, air pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. Despite this, rural-to-urban migration continues due to economic opportunities and climate-related displacement from rural areas.