Domains of Biotechnology
Transgenic crops that withstand very hot or cold temperatures are an example of which domain of biotechnology?
Agricultural Biotechnology
What are the TWO oldest types of biotechnology?
(1) Domestication of plants and animals, A.K.A. selective breeding.
(2) Using bacteria to create and/or preserve food, A.K.A. fermentation.
What is the primary goal at a biotechnology company?
Provide a product or service that is useful to society and results in earnings.
What group of potential products must be tests in clinical trials before they can be marketed to the public?
Pharmaceutical products.
What does IACUC stand for?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
What do you need to do to be able to patent or trademark a living thing?
Change the genetic information of the living thing.
What is the name of a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Where do scientists at public university laboratories get the majority of their funding?
Grants from industry, foundations, or the government.
How many phases are there in clinical trails?
Three.
IACUC is to animals as ________ is to humans.
IRB (institutional review board).
Fermented food and beverages are an example of which domain of biotechnology?
Classical OR industrial
Which technique is used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge?
Gel electrophoresis.
Name two ways that scientists share their experimental results with other scientists.
(1) Present results at scientific conferences.
(2) Publish results in scientific journals.
What is considered the "gold standard" for clinical trails?
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials.
What are the most commonly used animal models?
Mice and rats.
Prosthetics are an example of which domain of biotechnology?
Medical / Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
What is another name for somatic cell nuclear transfer?
Cloning.
Most biotechnology R&D laboratory positions required which degree?
A 4-year / bachelor's degree.
Which phase of clinical trials focuses on safety and determining the proper dose?
Phase I.
What are the 3R's of animal research?
Reduce, Refine, and Replace.
Integrates biological data with computational tools to analyze and interpret biological information.
Bioinformatics
What are the two types of fermentation and which one is used to make yogurt?
The two types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. The latter is used to make yogurt and other dairy products (while the former is used to make alcoholic beverages and bread).
What is the difference between small-scale and large-scale production?
Small-scale production is done for internal uses, while large-scale is done for sales oitside the company.
Which phase of clinical trials compares a new treatment to a preexisting treatment in diseased individuals?
Phase III.
What is the difference between animal rights and animal welfare?
Animal welfare is concerned about the quality of animals' lives and minimizing animal suffering whereas animal rightists are focused on the ethical argument over whether animals should be used by humans in the first place.
Genetically engineering plants to include new or greater amounts of a particular nutrients are an example of which domain?
Nutrition
Which two kinds of enzymes allow scientists to cut AND paste any pieces of DNA together to form rDNA?
(1) Restriction enzymes
(2) DNA ligase
Which department in a biotechnology company focuses on preventing defects from occurring in the first place by implementing systematic processes and procedures, such as setting quality control standards and conducting employee training?
Quality assurance.
What is the difference between "phase 0" and "phase 4" clinical trials?
Phase 0 (A.K.A. pre-clinical trials) comes BEFORE actual clinical trials and involves experiments using animals or cell models.
Phase 4 (A.K.A. post-market studies ) occurs AFTER actual clinical trials and involves a larger patient population over an extended period.
Which sets of laws must scientists follow if they want to use animals for research purposes?
(1) Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
(2) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Research Animals