S. aureus can grow on high concentrations of what?
What is salt.
100
What dissolves tissues and the extracellular matrix to allow the bacterium to enter the host?
What are enzymes.
100
Abrupt onset, fever, hypotension, diffuse erythematous rash, multiple organ failure, and skin desquamation associated with TSST-1 is called what?
What is Toxic Shock Syndrome
100
SSSS and bullous impetigo both affect what group of individuals?
What are infants and young children
200
Where is staphylococcus present?
What is skin and mucous membranes?
200
S. aureus is gram ___ and appears to grow as ___ when stained and viewed under a microscope.
What is Gram positive and cocci clusters.
200
The capsule and slime layer contribute to pathogenesis by what mechanism?
What is binding the bacteria to tissues, catheters, grafts, etc. and evading phagocytosis.
200
The most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections presenting in Emergency Room’s in the US are?
What are cutaneous infections
200
Enterocolitis most commonly affects what group of people?
What are those on broad spectrum antibiotics
300
Staphylococcus is transmitted via two routes. Name those two.
What is direct contact and fomites.
300
Where did S. aureus develop Vancomycin resistance?
What is Enterococcus.
300
Which toxin is responsible for both SSSS and TSS?
What are exfoliative toxins (ETA/ETB).
300
A Staphylococcus infection by a preformed toxin, fast onset, diarrhea with no fever is ____ while a staphylococcus infection with diarrhea, fever, longer onset is ____
What is food poisoning and enterocolitis
300
Since there is no vaccine, Staphylococcal infections are treated with what?
What is the use of topical, oral, or intravenous antibiotics depending on the results of lab culture.
400
Bacteremia due to S. aureus can be categorized into two categories of acquisition. Where are those?
Community acquired and Nosocomial (Hospital)
400
Name the three factors that mediate antibiotic resistance.
What is (1) modify the target of the antibiotic, (2) modify the antibiotic, (3) pump the antibiotic out of the cell.
400
Which virulence factor coats S. aureus and binds to the Fc region of IgG where phagocytes typically bind?
What is Protein A
400
The S. aureus infection associated with erythema and large cutaneous blisters that are pus filled is called ___ while the S. aureus infection with large cutaneous blisters not filled with pus is called ____?
What is SSSS and Bullous Impetigo.
400
How do the use of tampons increase the risk of TSS?
What is the creation of a warm moist environment for bacteria to grow and produce toxins.
500
Name three factors that determine disease caused by S. aureus.
What is the strain, the particular toxin it is producing, and the immune response.
500
What makes S. aureus different from other staphylococcal species and is the primary identification test for this bacteria?
What is catalase positive.
500
Which toxin forms pores or acts as a surfactant to disrupt cell membranes?
What are cytotoxins
500
TSS caused by S. aureus is associated with toxin release into the blood without bacteremia. Name the other organism that causes TSS and is associated with bacteremia and SpeA toxin.
What is S. pyogenes.
500
Prevention requires attention to risk factors that increase the likelihood of infection such as the use of ___ tampons, improper ___ handling or preparation practices, and improper hygiene in caring for ___ wounds