100 Years' War
Who were the two main kingdoms in conflict?
England and France
How did Europe get most of its goods from Asia in later part of the Medieval period?
From the revived Silk Road
Name two of the cities were the Renaissance got its start.
Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples.
What two of the most important inventions of the Renaissance?
Telescope, Caravel, Printing Press
Who are the three main powers at the start of the Age of Exploration?
Spain, Portugal, Netherlands
Why did the war start?
England wanted more control of the Wool Trade. King Edward claimed to have rights to the French Throne. (Remember the Battle of Hastings and William the Conqueror)
What new economic institution started in Italian cities during the Renaissance? (Think about the Medici)
Banking
What past civilizations did the Europeans look back to for inspiration during the Renaissance?
Greek and Roman
What is Absolutism? How was it change from Feudalism?
The King had the final say on all aspects of his kingdom/empire and this power came from the Divine Right from God. Feudalism had Dukes who ran their own armies and had their own rules over the land the King let them own. Led to Dukes and people under the King having much more power.
What were the motivations for Europe to start the Age of Exploration?
To find new trade routes to the East as the Silk Road became much more expensive and slower with the Ottomans taking Constantinople/Istanbul. Later for Spanish: God, Gold, and Glory.
Who was Joan of Arc and what was her importance to the war?
A young French girl who believed she acted with divine guidance when led the French during a time in the war when they nearly lost. She managed to win multiple battles and bring the French back on the offensive. She was eventually hung for being accused of being a witch.
Explain the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Who conquered it and what was it importance?
Byzantium had been weakened significantly since the 4th Crusade. Only really held Constantinople but it was a strong fortress city with walls that help for 100s of years. The Ottoman's came with Gunpowder and Cannons to take the city. It allowed Muslims for the first time to have control over the city and locked Europe from the East.
How has city life changed in Renaissance Europe?
Renaissance cities were large, crowded with people, with business flourishing and culture/arts everywhere. The start of the concept of Unemployment.
What is Humanism and how did it relate to Renaissance Europe?
Focus on the importance of being human, and places an emphasis on the value of being a human being rather than focusing on religion or supernatural forces.
Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas and its importance.
A treaty created by the Pope to split the ownership of the world in half to stop Spain and Portugal from starting a war. Spain got most of the New World. Portugal got Brazil and the Old World. Led to the Spain dominance over the Old World and Portugal having a strong hold over Asian Trade routes.
Explain the advantages that England had at the start of the war. Then what did France have to eventually counter it?
England had highly trained longbow men from the countryside. They could pierce a knights armor. The French eventually started to use cannons and gunpowder at the end of the war to ensure their victory over the British.
How did the Black Death contribute to the end of the Medieval Period?
With mass deaths, people started to look to other ideas and concepts than the Church. Also, with many people dying, it created need for people to fill in job markets and start the creation of the middle class.
What did Renaissance art focus on? Who were the famous artists of the time?
Focused on creating realistic art that more likely depicted everyday life. Less focused on Religion and more focus on depicting what makes us human. Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Raphael, ect.
Who created the Caravel? What made it such an important innovation?
Portugal. It had much better sails than previous European boats while also being much lighter. It allowed for much faster and safer travel over the open ocean.
What economic philosophy started to emerge out of the Age of Exploration and what does it mean?
Mercantilism: A nation's wealth is best when focused on Trade and Exports. Where smaller colonies live to serve the mother nation, and therefore the mother nation gets its resources from them.
Explain the role the Hundred Years' War had on Medieval Culture and the impact of the end of the war.
At the start of the war, it saw the height of Chivalry and Feudalism. After mass causalities from years of warfare and the Black Death, Chivalry and Feudalism broke down. Along with the first large scale use of Gunpowder in Europe. The war also created a solidified and unified England.
What were the Gunpowder Empires? How did they change the political state of Europe? What ideas did they introduce?
The Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal Empires. They introduced Gunpowder to Europe. Along with new ways to govern with ideas of Absolute Power and Bureaucracy.
Explain how the Renaissance changed Europe compared to the Medieval age.
The Medieval age had a large focus on religion without much focus on anything else. People lived to make it to heaven and nothing else. Also a strong focus on hierarchy and place in the political ladder. Most people did not care for travel or experiencing other places as it was too dangerous or risky. The Renaissance, focused on what it means to be a human on Earth. Along with a easier means of social mobility but still not that flexible. People started to question the world more and tried to learn more about it and life. Led to innovations that made Europe a much stronger power on the world stage.
How did the Printing Press change Europe? What made it such a huge innovation in Europe?
The Printing Press allows for the duplication of books in a fraction of the time than before. Books are extremely more common and no longer do the rich and religious have books, but the common man too. Allowed for information to travel faster and become more common.
What were some of the economical, social, and cultural impacts of the Age of Exploration on the World?
Economic: Large increase in world trade and trade routes. Rise of Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch. The start of the Slave Trade.
Social and Cultural: Large scale culture exchange. Europe, Americas, and Asia all have direct cultural exchanges. Death of many Native American tribes and cultures.
The Columbian Exchange.