The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
What does the Kinetic Molecular Theory assume about Gas Particles?
Size, Motion, and Energy.
What is the action called when a volume of a container filled with gas particles is made smaller/larger?
Compression/Expansion
What are dispersion forces? Which type of molecules have them?
Weak forces resulted from temporary shifts in the density of elections in the electron clouds. The electrons repel the other electron cloud and form a temporary dipole, which creates a weak dispersion force between the two opposing charges of each molecule. Nonpolar molecules have this.
What is viscosity? What can determine viscosity?
A measure of resistance of liquid to flow. Attractive forces, particle size and shape, and temperature can contribute to viscosity.
Is the energy required to melt a solid the same for all solids? Why?
No, it depends on the strength of the forces that keep the solid together, so more energy is needed for the stronger solids to melt. The heat needed to break the solid's bonds is called the melting point.
What does the space between gas particles consist of and what is their attraction to other particles?
Empty Space, no significant attractive or repulsive forces.
Gas Particles can escape through a small opening to the outside of it's container, what is this process called?
Effusion
What are dipole-dipole forces? What type of molecule has them?
Close molecules orientate themselves so the opposite charged religion are aligned (positive -> negative). Polar molecules have them.
How are Cohesion and Adhesion different?
Cohesion is the force of attraction between identical molecules, while Adhesion is the attraction between different molecules.
If water evaporates in a closed, half-filled container, what happens with the vapor?
It begins to collect and exert pressure on the surface of the water, which is called vapor pressure.
Mass and Velocity are two key components to Kinetic Energy. Which unnamed component is also measured to find KE?
Temperature
What is the unit of Pressure? What is the Unit of Air Pressure?
Pascal, Atmosphere (atm)
What is a hydrogen bond? Is is a dispersion or dipole-dipole attraction?
A hydrogen bond is when a hydrogen atom gets bonded to a highly electronegative atom with at least one lone pair (fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen). It is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction that can dominate dispersion and other dipole-dipole forces (can cause a large positive charge but also allow lone pairs of electrons to come close).
Atomic, Molecular, Covalent network, Ionic, and Metallic.
What is the phase called that requires energy to change a gas phase directly to a solid phase? How? What is an example of this?
Sublimation, it absorbs energy to move from a gas to a solid. Dry Ice is a product of subilmation.
What happens to a Gas Particle's energy when it collides with another Gas Particle? What is this event called?
Nothing, there is no Kinetic Energy lost. This event is called Elastic Collision.
What does Dalton's law of partial pressures state about the pressure of a mixture of gases?
The total amount of pressure in a mixture is the sum of the pressures of all the gases present within the mixture.
Do all atoms have a weak dispersion force? Why?
No, weak forces are for small particles. As the number of electrons increase in a particle, the force has an increasing effect, thus having stronger forces.
How come ice is usually formed in a predictable way?
They are crystalline solids, which are orderly arranged in a geometric structure. They also have unit cells that is the smallest arrangement of atoms inside any crystal that is like a small representative of a larger whole. These usually determine how the crystal is formed.
What is the phase called that releases energy to change a gas phase to a solid phase? How?
Deposition, it performs the reverse of sublimation and releases energy as crystals form. Frost (like on windows) is a product of deposition.
What is the equation to find Kinetic Energy?
KE=1/2(mv)2
All particles on earth move in every direction, creating pressure in all directions. What is this type of pressure called? Are they the same everywhere? Why?
Atmospheric Pressure, No because earth's gravity causes most particles to remain at the surface of the earth. Less particles are found at higher altitudes where less gravity is present.
Dipole forces are permanent, so they can be stronger than dispersion forces. Does this hold true to all molecules?
Yes and No! Small polar molecules can have strong and large dipole forces, but large polar molecules find themselves being dominated by dispersion forces than dipole-dipole forces.
There are no bonds/attractions that can balance the below particles, which actively brings down the particles at the surface. Particles from the interior must move to the surface to increase the surface area.
What are phase diagrams? How are they used?
A Phase Diagram are a type of graph that gives the required amount of both pressure and temperature to transform a substance into a type of matter. They are used to predict what the substance's state of matter will change to when applying a specific amount of pressure and temperature.