Hypothesis Terms
Hypothesis that states there will be no meaningful change from treatment to control?
Null hypothesis
What is the difference between sampling distributions and samples?
Sampling distributions are groups of random samples. Taking as many of a certain size (n) as possible from a population.
What are the steps for hypothesis testing?
1. State your hypothesis 2. set your alpha level 3. Collect data and compute statistics 4. Make a decision to reject the null or fail to reject the null.
What does this symbol mean? X
Data points
What is Data View in SPSS?
The tab that allows you to input your data points into your worksheet in order to run the equations
Hypothesis that states there will be meaningful change between treatment and control?
Alternative hypothesis
Why do we use central tendency and sampling dist. Z scores?
It allows us to make inferences about the population mean based on sample data, even when the population distribution is unknown or non-normal, by putting things on a standardized scale.
If your Z score is NOT within the critical regions, do we reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
Fail to reject
What does this symbol mean? μM or μX
Sampling distributions mean
What is Variable View in SPSS?
The tab that allows you to input your headers or titles for your data and select their specifications
What are critical regions?
Sample values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true
Boundaries for the critical region(s) are determined by the probability set by the alpha level; if sample data fall in the critical region, the null hypothesis is rejected
What is sampling error?
The natural discrepancy, or the amount of error, between a sample statistic and its corresponding population parameter
Why do we set alpha levels and hypotheses BEFORE collecting data?
To prevent unintentional bias in the research
What does this symbol mean? 𝝈X
Standard error OR Sampling distributions standard deviation
In variable view, what does the tab "values" do?
Allows you to code what each number stands for, ex. 1- male, 2- female, etc.
What is a type 1 error?
False positive- Researcher concludes that a treatment has an effect when it has none. Calculated by alpha level.
What are the two things we look for when using central tendency?
If the population is normally distributed and/or if the sample size is at least 30 (n=30 or n>30)
What are the most common P values used in statistics?
P>0.05 or P>0.01
What symbol is this? 𝜶 or P
Alpha or P value
Nominal, ordinal, or scale? Data is not grouped based on any linkage but just has the numerical values
Scale
What is a type II error?
False negative- Researcher has failed to detect a real treatment effect.
What is the law of large numbers?
The larger the sample size is, the closer it will be to the actual population parameters
A therapist is testing the results of a new treatment method. What would the null hypothesis AND alternative hypothesis say?
H₀: The new treatment is not more effective than the existing method (or placebo/no treatment).
H₁: The new treatment is more effective than the existing method (or placebo/no treatment).
What symbols are these, respectively? H0 and H1
Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
What is a "String" variable?
Something that is text and not a number