Basics
_____consist of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses.
data
________ data consist of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries
________ data consist of numerical measurements or counts
qualitative
quantitative
1: identify the ______ of interest and the _____ of study
2: develop a detailed plan for _______ data. if you use a sample make sure the sample is _________ of the population
variables, population
collecting, representative
_______ ______ a researcher observes and measures characteristics of interest of part of a population but does not change existing conditions.
in performing an _____ a _____ is applied to part of a population and responses are observed.
observational study
experiment, treatment
______ variable occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on a variable.
confounding
______is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions.
statistics
______ level of measurement are qualitative only. Data at this level are categorized using names, labels, or qualities. No mathematical computations can be made at this level.
nominal
3: collect the _____
data
_______ ____ in which no treatment is applied.
control group
_____ ____occurs when a subject reacts favorably to a ******* when in fact the subject has been given no medicated treatment at all
placebo effect
______the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest.
population
______ level of measurement are qualitative Data at this level can be arranged in order, or ranked, but differences between data entries are not meaningful.
ordinal
4: _____ the data, using _____ statistics techniques
______ statistics the branch of statistics that involves the organization, summarization, and display of data.
describe, descriptive
descriptive
______ a harmless, unmedicated treatment, that is made to look like the real treatment. The responses of the treatment group and control group can then be compared and studied.
placebo
_____ a technique where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving a treatment or a placebo.
_______ ____ ________ neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are receiving a treatment or a placebo.
blinding
double blind experiment
______ a subset, or part, of a population.
sample
______ level of measurement (quantitative) can be ordered, and meaningful differences between data entries can be calculated. At the interval level, a zero entry simply represents a position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent zero.
interval
5: _____ the data and make _____ about the population using _______ statistics
______ statistics the branch of statistics that involves using a sample to draw conclusions about a population.
interpret, decisions, inferential
inferential
______ the use of a mathematical or physical model to reproduce the conditions of a situation or process. Collecting data often involves the use of computers.
simulation
________ a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups.
_______ ______ ______ subjects are assigned to different treatment groups through random selection.
_____ groups of subjects with similar characteristics
______ ______ _____ you should divide subjects with similar characteristics into blocks, and then, within each block, randomly assign subjects to treatment groups.
randomization
completely randomized experiment
blocks
randomized block design
_______ a numerical description of a population characteristic
_______ a numerical description of a sample characteristic.
parameter
statistic
_____ level of measurement (quantitative) with the added property that a zero entry is an inherent zero. a ***** of two data values can be formed so that one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another.
ratio
6: identify any possible _____
errors
______ an investigation of one or more characteristics of a population
survey
_____ ____ _____ where subjects are paired up according to a similarity
___ ___ the number of subjects
______ the repetition of an experiment under the same or similar conditions.
matched pair designs
sample size
replication