Measures of Central Tendency + Variation
Correlation Coefficients + Scatterplots
Statistical Significance and Effect Size
Types of Research
Research Basics
100
The average of a set of scores
Mean
100
What is the range of the correlation coefficient?
-1.0 to +1.0
100
Statistical significance means that the results ________________________
did not happen due to chance
are not by chance
are not random
100
Which variable to researchers manipulate in an experiment?
Independent variable (IV)
100
Before you can run an experiment you must select participants from the population you want to study. This process is called _______________.
Sampling
200
The mode of the following set of data:
1, 9, 3, 4, 6, 3, 2
3
200
Write TWO words you SHOULD NOT use to describe correlation.
Causes
Leads to
Results in
Influences
Determines
Produces
Affects
200
How would we represent statistical significance with p?
p<.05
200
What is a weakness of case studies?
Not generalizable
Experimenter bias
200
What is the vocab term that describes how the researchers measured a variable?
operational definition
300
Measure of central tendency that is less affected by outliers
Median
300
Provide a likely r-value for the following scatterplot (can use the symbols < or > in your answer).
any number where r>0.6
300
Which is most helpful in determining real-world application of research findings, statistical significance or effect size?
effect size
300
Why is it so hard to get approval for covert ("secret") naturalistic observation studies?
Ethical concerns
No informed consent
No voluntary participation
300
List 3 characteristics that you can use when deciding whether a study is generalizable.
Gender
Age
Race
Location
Class
400
Highest data point - lowest data point = __
Range
400
Provide a likely r-value for the following scatterplot (can use the symbols < or > in your answer).
any number where r< -0.3
400
Is the effect size for the statement below small, medium, or large?
"In a study on sleep and academic performance, students who slept at least 8 hours the night before an exam scored an average of 92%, while students who slept fewer than 5 hours scored an average of 70%."
Large
400
Provide one SPECIFIC weakness of correlational research that IS NOT "cannot prove cause/effect".
Directionality problem
OR
Third / confounding variable problem
400
Give an example of how a researcher might collect data for a qualitative study.
Interviews
Narratives
Focus groups
(any strategy that doesn't involve numbers)
500
Describe this data using the term standard deviation:
Low standard deviation
500
Write your own NEGATIVE correlation statement.
Answers must have one variable increasing while the other decreases.
500
Would you say this graph represents a small, medium, or large effect size?
Small
500
Which research type provides the most confidence in the results due to analyzing overall trends in data?
Meta analysis
500
What method do researchers use to decrease both participant and experimenter bias?
Double-blind design