Midterm 1
The three steps during gastrulation (ICM --> 1 --> 2 --> 3 --> mesoderm).
What are epiblast, primitive ectoderm, and primitive streak?
The location on the histone protein where modifications are placed that will lead to structural chromatin changes.
What is N-terminal histone tails, particularly on lysine, arginine, serine, and threonine residues?
The different names for generation of blood cells in the embryo vs adult?
What is primitive and definitive hematopoiesis?
The types of cells in the brain.
The emblematic of Calico cat and pluripotent stem cell.
What is random X-chromosome inactivation, mediated by Xist. Early in development, one X chromosome is randomly silenced in each cell, creating mosaic coat color patches. Pluripotent cells initially have two active X chromosomes, and X-inactivation occurs upon differentiation.
Three features are characteristic of a stem cell niche (i.e. what helps maintain their stemness).
What are secreted signaling molecules, cellular adhesion, orientation?
The "fourth" niche, specifically for HSC.
What are tf such as bmi/1 and nuclear proteins such as rb, p107, p130?
The location of NSCs.
What is Dentate gyrus (DG) in hippocampus and Subventricular zone (SVZ) in lateral ventricle?
Happens to chromosome ends of dividing somatic cells, and is different in pluripotent stem cells.
What is shortening of telomeres, and high telomerase activity?
The reason why they are called label retaining cells.
What is DNA analog BrdU is injected in the mouse, dividing cells incorporate it, adult stem cells that maintain it over long periods due to infrequent division?
The marker for human HSC and also plays a role in mediating attachment (stem cells to bone marrow ECM).
What is CD34?
The three important concepts of neural fate induction.
What is BMP inhibition (for Sox2 expression), FGF signaling (MAPK activation), fate stabilization
One molecular difference that distinguishes naïve pluripotent stem cells from primed pluripotent stem cells.
naïve: Rex1, Klf2/4, h3k9me3 downregulation
The other methods that could be used to make ‘patient-specific’ pluripotent stem cells.
What are fusion, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and transdifferentiation?
The assay used to identify long-term repopulating HSCs.
What is the Tim and McCulloch assay, irradiated mice, tail vein inject, mouse survives, collect HSCs, CD34+/CD38+ for long term.