Stem Functions
This is what stems do to help leaves catch the most sunlight possible
What is hold leaves in the most efficient position to collect sunlight?
This tissue makes up the core of a dicot stem and stores carbohydrates
What is pith?
This type of growth makes plants taller and longer
What is primary growth?
Water moves from this type of water potential to this type of water potential.
What are less-negative and more-negative water potentials?
This underground stem spreads horizontally and sends up new shoots like a snake plant or hosta
What is a rhizome?
The place where sugars are made in a leaf.
What is a source (leaves)?
Name three things that stems transport throughout the plant
What are water, minerals, and manufactured food?
The location where a leaf attaches to the stem.
What is a node?
The specialized areas where growth takes place and cells divide
What are meristems?
This modified stem looks like a leaf but is actually flattened stem tissue
What is a cladophyll?
The places where sugars are used or stored in a plant.
What are sinks (roots, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, meristems)?
Besides support and transport, stems can do this process if they're green in color
What is photosynthesis?
This single layer of tissue between xylem and phloem produces new vascular tissues that become wood and inner bark
What is the vascular cambium?
This type of meristem is found only in woody plants and makes them wider
What is a lateral meristem?
This process explains how water gets forced up into the vascular tissues of the stem when the ground is saturated. (There's no where else for the water to go but up when this happens)
What is the root pressure?
The difference between a bulb and a corm
What is a bulb has fleshy leaves attached to a short stem, while a corm is just a round stem without fleshy leave?
This tissue transports sugars and is made up of sieve-tube elements
What is the phloem?
This function involves stems creating new living tissues that result in making plants taller or wider
What is produce new living tissues for primary or secondary growth?
What are rays?
The difference between apical and lateral meristems in terms of what type of growth they produce (what type of growth does each meristem produce?)
What is apical produces primary growth and lateral produces secondary growth?
This process occurs when water molecules stick to themselves through hydrogen bonds and also stick to xylem walls.
What is cohesion and adhesion?
This type of modified stem has a swollen tip for food storage like potatoes
What is a tuber?
These act like "on and off ramps" for sugar movement in the phloem
What are companion cells?
List all six key functions that stems perform for plants
What are support leaves/fruits/flowers, position leaves for sunlight, transport materials, photosynthesize if green, store food, and produce new tissues for growth?
This secondary tissue consists of cork-producing tissue, cork cells, and remnants of primary tissues that become outer bark
What is the periderm?
Explain why most monocots don't have secondary growth but woody dicots do.
What is because monocots only have apical meristems for primary growth and woody dicots have both apical and lateral meristems?
Explain the complete pathway of how water potential changes help move water from roots to the leaves.
What is water potential becomes more negative higher up the plant due to more concentrates in the structures and cells, so water moves upward from the soil (less-negative potential) through roots, stem, and to leaves (most-negative) where transpiration occurs creating a pull on the water column?
This type of above-ground modified stem sends out runners where new plants form, like strawberries or spider plants.
What is a stolon?
Explain why water moves into phloem when sugars enter, and what happens when sugars leave the phloem at the sink.
What is sugars make the phloem more negative in terms of water potential so water enters to raise the potential and help move the sugars (sap). When sugars leave at the sinks, phloem becomes less-negative so water moves back to the xylem or other negative water potential spaces.