Stress
What are the three types of stress?
-Acute stress
-Episodic acute stress
-Chronic stress
What is stage 1 of GAS? What occurs during this stage?
-Begins when a stressor activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system.
-Includes an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of epinephrine and small amounts of norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
What are the roles and functions of glucocorticosteroids/cortisols?
-regulate many functions of the CNS: arousal, cognition, mood, sleep, metabolism, maintenance of cardiovascular tone, the immune and inflammatory reaction, growth and reproduction.
-Cortisol's action of carbohydrate metabolism results in increased blood glucose levels thereby energizing the body to combat the stressor.
-Effects protein metabolism
-Inhibits the initial inflammatory effects during stress
What is age syndrome (stress)? What hormones increase in secretion?
-a set of neurohormonal and immune alterations, as well as tissue and cellular changes
-Alterations in the limib system and homeostatsis
-secretion of catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol increases
-immuno-depression and chronic inflammation occurs as a result
Define coping
Making an effort to manage physical and psychological stress
Define Stress
What is stage 3 of GAS? What occurs during this stage?
-Stage of Exhaustion
-Occurs if stress continues and adaptation is unsuccessful
-This will ultimately cause an impairment of the immune response and organ failure eventually leading to death.
What are the roles and functions of Catecholamines?
-Circulating catecholamines stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
-Included epinephrine and norepinephrine
-stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors
What are some examples of psychological and emotional stress?
- Death, divorce, loss of job, loss of home, change in personal, and finances.
What are some risk factors of poor coping?
-inability to accurately assess the stressor
-Denial or avoidance of the stressor
-An actual or perceived lack of control over the situation
-An acutal or perceived lack of support
-No experience or poor past experiences handling stressful situations.
What are the signs and symptoms of stress?
-Psychological and emotional
-Physiological
-Behavioral
What occurs if stress is seen as a stimulus?
-Highlights the situation: certain values are attache to these events and if seen as a threat, viewed as stressors.
-Ultimately, how the event is interpreted leads to the physiologic response
What are the functions of norepinephrine? What does it primarily bind with?
-regulates blood pressure, promotes arousal and increases vigilance, antiexty, and other protective emotional responses
-Binds primarily with alpha receptors
What are some examples of physiologic acute stress?
- Acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, sepsis, trama, and acute pain.
What are some mediating factors of coping?
age, socioeconomic status, social support, religious or spiritual preferences, personality, self-esteem, genetics, past experiences, and current heath status.
What are the three models of stress?
-General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
-Stress as a stimulus
-Stress as a transaction
What is the second stage of GAS? What occurs during this stage?
-Stage of Resistance (adaptation)
-Begins with the actions of the adrenal hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
-mobilization contributes to the "Fight or flight"
What are the functions of epinephrine? What receptors does it bind with?
-Influences cardiac action by enhancing myocardial contractility, increasing heart rate and increasing venous return to the heart, ultimately increasing both cardiac output and blood pressure.
-Dilates blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles allowing for greater oxygenation
-Causes transient hyperglycemia and decreases insulin release from the pancreas
-Mobilizes fatty acids and cholesterol
-Binds with both alpha and beta receptors
What are some examples of behavioral stress?
- Alcohol addiction, drug addiction, gambling addiction, substance abuse, and tabacco addiciton
What is homeostasis and Allostasis?
-Homeostasis: the presence of an internal state of balance
-Allostasis: describes the continual state of fluctuation our body is in
How is stress seen as a transaction?
-Individual appraisal of the event so the response depends on how situation interacts with the individual's coping resources and perceived meaning of the event.
What are the roles and functions of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis?
-the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which binds to specific receptors on the pituitary cell.
-Ardrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced and is transported through the blood to the adrenal glands
-Glucocorticoid hormones are released- primarliy cortisol
What are some examples of physiologic chronic stress?
- Cancer, Chronic obsturctive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia, diabetes, heart failure, obesity, and chronic pain