Freud Concepts
This part of personality operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
What is the Id?
This stage, occurring from birth to 1 year, relies heavily on the bond between a mother and their child.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
This cognitive ability, developed in the sensorimotor stage, allows a child to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
What is Object Permanence?
This type of conditioning involves learning through the association between a stimulus and a response.
What is Classical Conditioning?
This term describes the distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with assistance.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
Freud proposed this stage of psychosexual development occurs during ages 3 to 6, focused on pleasure centers in the genital area.
What is the Phallic Stage?
This final stage involves retrospection on life, weighing feelings of fulfillment against regret.
What is Ego Integrity vs. Despair?
This concept refers to the mental frameworks children use to organize and interpret information.
What is a Schema?
This psychologist is known for using reinforcement to shape behavior and develop the concept of operant conditioning.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Bandura's concept that individuals learn behaviors by observing others is known as this.
What is Observational Learning?
This defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable urges into socially acceptable actions.
What is Sublimation?
This stage is characterized by a focus on competence and achieving success in skills.
What is Industry vs. Inferiority?
In this stage, children engage in symbolic play but lack logical reasoning abilities.
What is the Preoperational Stage?
This term refers to a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an unpleasant factor.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Vygotsky emphasized this process, where more knowledgeable individuals help guide a learner's development until it is not needed anymore.
What is Scaffolding?
According to Freud, this stage occurs from birth to 18 months, where the infant's focus is on feeding and the mouth.
What is the Oral Stage?
In this stage, individuals want to be seen as accepted and will realize that they are confident in being different.
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
This stage involves the development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning.
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
This term refers to a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
This experiment showed that children were less likely to be aggressive if shown that there are punishments after their actions.
This theory posits that human behavior is largely influenced by unconscious motives and conflicts.
What is Psychoanalysis?
In this stage, children develop social skills by interacting with other children.
What is Initiative vs. Guilt?
This stage involves logical thinking about concrete objects and events.
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
This experiment is notorious for having a large ethical error.
This type of speech goes underground around the age of 7, becoming silent in the mind.
What is Inner Speech?