Organelle Operations
Which organelle is the cell's control center, holding most of its DNA?
Which system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells through the blood?
Circulatory System
These proteins, made by the immune system, bind to specific pathogens to kill the virus/bacteria.
Antibodies
Name one structure found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Cell wall, chloroplasts, or a large central vacuole
This is the variable a scientist changes on purpose. The 'cause' in the cause/effect relationship.
Independent Variable
Plant cells make sugar in this organelle using energy from sunlight.
Chloroplast
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up which system?
Nervous system
Disease-causing organisms like bacteria and viruses are called this.
Pathogens
On a line graph, the independent variable goes on this axis.
The x-axis (horizontal)
This is the variable that is measured to see the effect of the change.
Dependent Variable
Which structure surrounds every cell and controls what enters and leaves?
Cell membrane
Which two systems work together to bring oxygen from the lungs to your muscle cells?
Respiratory and circulatory systems
What are the proteins on the outside of a pathogen called?
Antigens
Compare chloroplasts and mitochondria: what does each one take in, and what does each one produce?
Chloroplasts take in sunlight (plus carbon dioxide and water) and produce sugar (and oxygen). Mitochondria take in sugar (and oxygen) and produce ATP (and carbon dioxide and water).
This group does not get the treatment and is used for comparison.
Control group
Muscle cells need lots of energy. Which organelle would you expect to find in especially large numbers in them, and why?
Mitochondria, because they make usable energy (ATP)
Which system filters waste and extra water out of the blood?
Excretory system (kidneys)
A vaccine contains an inactive form of a pathogen. Why doesn't it make you sick, and why does it still work?
It can't cause disease (it contains a weakened/dead virus). The immune system makes antibodies to kill any of that specific pathogen in the future.
A graph shows bacteria counts over 24 hours in three dishes. Dish 1 (no antibiotic) keeps rising. Dish 2 (Antibiotic A) stays flat. Dish 3 (Antibiotic B) drops to nearly zero. Which dish is the control group, and which treatment was most effective?
Dish 1 is the control group (no treatment). Antibiotic B was most effective because it reduced the bacteria the most.
A student tests how hours of light (0, 2, 4, or 8) affect bean plant height. All plants get the same water, soil, and pot size. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and two constants.
IV: hours of light. DV: plant height. Constants: amount of water, soil, pot size.
A student says, "Plants don't have mitochondria because they have chloroplasts." Explain why this is incorrect.
Plants also need energy. Chloroplasts make sugar, and mitochondria break it down to release energy (ATP). Plants have both.
You touch a hot pan and pull your hand away. Describe how the nervous and muscular systems interact.
Nerves send a signal to the brain, which sends a signal to the arm muscles, causing them to contract.
A nicotine vaccine attaches nicotine molecules to a harmless protein because nicotine alone is too small to trigger antibodies. In a trial, only 40% of people made high antibody levels. Give one limitation of this vaccine.
It doesn't work for most people (only 40% made enough antibodies), so it would not reliably block nicotine.
The digestive and circulatory systems work together to supply a muscle cell with energy. Describe how each system contributes.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients (like glucose) into the blood. The circulatory system carries the blood to the muscle cells, where mitochondria use the glucose to make ATP.
A scientist gives fertilizer to 3 plants in a sunny window and gives none to 3 plants in a dark closet. What is wrong with this design, and how can it be fixed?
Light differs between the groups, so it is a second variable that isn't controlled. Keep every condition the same except the fertilizer, and use more plants per group.