Bailey and Kandel
What animal did Bailey and Kandel use to study memory?
Aplysia (a sea snail)
What famous experiment did Bandura conduct to study observational learning?
The Bobo doll experiment.
What was the general topic of Li and Hua’s study?
They studied online shopping behavior, focusing on why people buy impulsively on the internet.
Describe the research method used by Hölzel et al. to measure the effects of mindfulness.
Lab experiment using Brain scans (MRI) to measure structural changes in the brain
What emotion was Phillips and LeDoux investigating in their study?
Fear response
What type of learning did Bailey and Kandel mainly investigate in their research?
Associative learning, especially sensitization
(a simple form of learning where response becomes stronger after repeated stimulation).
What were the four conditions in Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?
Aggressive model
Non-aggressive model
Punished aggressive model
Rewarded aggressive model
Which type of behavior were Li and Hua mainly interested in explaining: planned buying or impulsive buying?
They focused on impulsive (unplanned) buying behavior.
What psychological practice was studied in both Hölzel et al. and Allen et al.?
mindfulness based-training
Which animal was used as the subject in their experiment?
Rats/ mice
How did Bailey and Kandel study explains long-term memory?
They studied how connections between neurons became stronger or more numerous after learning.
According to Bandura, why did children who watched the rewarded model show more aggressive behavior than those who saw the punished model?
They observed that aggression led to positive outcomes
This increased the likelihood of imitation through vicarious reinforcement
It supports Bandura’s idea that behavior is learned by observing consequences for others
Name one key factor in online environments that Li and Hua studied as influencing consumers’ buying behavior.
Social influence
Online reviews
Popularity cues
Live interaction / social presence
According to Hölzel et al., mention one part of the brain that showed changes after mindfulness training
The hippocampus (related to memory and learning)
The amygdala (related to fear, stress and emotions)
The prefrontal cortex (linked to attention and regulation)
Which are brain structures mainly studied in relation to fear conditioning?
The amygdala
Auditory cortex
Which molecular process did Bailey and Kandel identify as being essential for the formation of long-term memory?
The process protein synthesis, regulated by a protein called CREB
What did Rochat’s research reveal about moral development in infants, and why is this finding important for understanding human social behavior?
Rochat found that even very young infants show early moral awareness, such as:
Sensitivity to fairness and intentions
Importance:
This suggests that morality is not only learned through socialization, but may be partly innate
What is social proof?
This is a cognitive shortcut (mental rule) where we decide what is correct by observing what others are doing.
“If many people are buying this, it must be good.”
What general effect did Allen et al. find that mindfulness had on participants’?
Emotional control
Stress and anxiety reduction
Self-regulation improvement
What is the name of the box in which Phillips and LeDoux kept the rats to test fear response?
Skinner box
Explain one strength and one limitation of using Aplysia to study human memory in Bailey and Kandel’s research.
Possible answer:
Strength:
Aplysia has a simple nervous system, making it easier to study individual neurons and synaptic changes.
Lab experiment
Limitation:
Results cannot be fully generalized to humans, because human memory is far more complex.
What are the strengths of Rochat Study?
Provides a clear developmental progression rather than a simple “present vs. absent” view of self-awareness.
Supported by SCT increasing scientific credibility.
Explain why people buy impulsively in online shopping environments.
Online shopping triggers psychological processes such as: social proof and emotional arousal, which reduce rational decision-making.
Using both Hölzel et al. and Allen et al., explain how mindfulness affects both the brain and behavior, and why this is important for psychological research.
Together, these studies show that mindfulness affects both biological (brain) and psychological (behavioral) processes, which is important because it provides strong scientific evidence that mental training can change both the mind and the brain.
Mention both pathways in fear response
1. Short-pathway
Thalamus → Auditory Cortex → Amygdala
2. Long-pathway
Thalamus → Amygdala