Introductory
What is meant by the term, 'falsifiability'?
Falsifiability, in an experiment, are scientific theories that are stated in a way that predictions can be proven false. (ex. all swans are white).
True or False: Intuition and common sense are the two components that bring forth answers about human nature.
False; they aid queries but are not free of error.
Who were the two people that were behind the twin/triplet separation study? (NOT the agency).
Viola Bernard - Psychiatrist that influenced the agency to separate the twins for the benefit of data.
Peter Neubauer - Was informed of Viola's idea and decided to develop a study to test the outcomes of nature and nurture.
At what age is the brain fully developed?
25.
What fraction do we spend of our lives sleeping?
1/3.
Describe the "foot-in-the-door" technique related to Milgram's Study.
The foot-in-the-door technique is the tendency for a person who has agreed to a small request to comply later with a bigger request. (ex. Do you want to be a test administrator for our study on obedience?) to, (Now, shock the learner if they get a question wrong).
What percentage of "teachers" (aka subjects) obeyed to shock the learner to 450 volts? Was there a difference between men and women?
65%; no difference.
What were the similarities found between twins/triplets separated at birth?
Why do we want to avoid confounds in experiments?
Confounds are a third factor that affects of independent or dependent variable and provides a rival explanation to our findings. (ex. prior knowledge on the subject before taking a test).
Children are most prone to what sleeping disorders?
Night terrors, sleepwalking, and sleeptalking.
How do psychologists ask and answer questions? (BONUS: What is a hypothesis?)
Through the scientific theory, which develops theories about observations. (A hypothesis is a directional statement of expected findings).
What is the dependent variable in an experiment? What was the dependent variable in Milgram's study?
The factor that may change in response to an independent variable. (ex. a score on a test).
The dependent variable in Milgram's study was obedience to administering voltage on a shock-generator).
Describe Nature versus Nurture.
Nature refers to the biology that determines our personality, intelligence, and behavior.
Nurture refers to the environment and treatment we are given that impacts our development.
Are case studies representative of general human psychology?
No; they explore the behaviors of a singular individual.
What is the increase in our hunger-arousing hormone called? What about our hormone suppressing hormone?
Hunger-arousing: ghrelin
Hunger-suppressing: leptin
What are the three components of the scientific attitude? HINT: Cats Suspect Humbleness (mnemonic)
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
What is the independent variable in an experiment?
The factor manipulated by the experimenter (how much time was spent in studying for the test).
What was the "hypothesis" of the separated twin/triplet study observed in the Three Identical Strangers documentary?
To determine whether "nature" or "nurture" (different parenting styles) influenced the personality outcome of individuals.
What is a Psychobiography?
A case study of a notable, well-known individual. Their motives, personality, and life choices are then compared to a psychological theory.
Does more sleep increase the activity or suppress the activity of the amygdala? What about the frontal lobe?
Less sleep increases the activity in the amygdala, as emotions are heightened due to impaired logical thinking.
Less sleep suppresses activity in the frontal lobe, as tiredness impairs one's critical thinking.
What were Hollander's weaker and more assertive strategies that postponed or proposed continutation of Milgram's Study?
The three weaker strategies were: 1. Silence/Hesitation, 2. Showing discomfort through vocal cues (groaning, sighing), and 3. Laughing/Swearing.
The three more assertive strategies were 1. Speaking to the learner, 2. Prompting the authority figure to find a different method to study the learner, and 3. Refusing to continue on.
What were the four independent variables in Milgram's Obedience to Authority study?
1. Prestige of the institution, 2. Proximity to the learner, 3. Proximity to the experimenter/authority, and 4. Presence or absence of a defiant model.
Does parenting have an affect on only biologically related children?
No; parenting has effects on biologically unrelated children as well as biologically related children.
What are the main functions of the amygdala, cerebellum, frontal lobe, & corpus callosum?
The amygdala triggers our "flight or fight" response and processes emotion.
The cerebellum is in charge of our movement and center of balance.
The frontal lobe is responsible for problem-solving, and decision-making.
The corpus callosum acts as a messager that sends signals to and from the right and left hemispheres of the brain (related to sense).
What are the 4 Sleep Theories?
1. Sleep protects
2. Sleep helps us recover
3. Sleep helps us remember
4. Sleep plays a role in the growth process