EMS History
Siege of Málaga - 1487
What is the Difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Qualitative: focuses on the context/processes surrounding the subject matter for a complete picture “holistic” approach.
Quantitative: based on numeric data.
Types of quantitative research: experimental, non-experimental, prospective, retrospective, and cohort.
Define Reciprocity.
Reciprocity: Granting certification/licensure to a provider from another state or agency.
Define Certification vs. Licensure
Certification: person/institution/program evaluated and recognized to meet predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care.
Licensure: process by which state allows qualified people to perform regulated acts.
“Mother of Paramedics”
Dr. Nancy Lee Caroline
What was the publication date, and title of the document that established initial critical points for EMS Systems?
“The White Paper” 1966
Define/describe the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs.
Cross-sectional: collects all data from one point in time.
Longitudinal: collects data at various time intervals.
What is a “status systems management” structure in EMS agencies?
Status Systems Management: Where providers report to a central location, pick up ambulance, and are sent to a staging area within their service are.
Collaboration of pre-hospital and in-hospital medicine that focuses on use and utilization of all resources involved and reducing trauma patient mortality and morbidity.
First Fire Department to receive advanced EMS skills training.
Miami FD (1969)
Name 3 (or more) required components for EMS identified in the Emergency Services System Act of 1973
1. Integration of health services 2. EMS Research 3. Legislation/regulation 4. System Finance 5. Human Resources 6. Medical Direction 7. Education/Training systems 8. Public Access & Education 9. Prevention 10. Transportation 11. Communication Systems 12.Clinical Care Facilities 13. Patient Information/Education Systems 14.Mutual Aid Agreements 15. Evaluation
Name 3 types of research sampling methods.
Systematic: computer-generated lists or categories
Alternative: time parameters set
Convenience: manually assigned to a specific researcher (least preferred method).
List 3 factors that play a role in determining the outcome or likelihood of patient survival.
Bystander care, dispatch, response, prehospital assessment and care, transportation, ED Care, definitive care, and rehabilitation.
Define Continuous Quality Improvement vs. Quality Control
Continuous Quality Improvement: system of internal and external audits of all aspects of the EMS System.
Quality Control: responsibility of the Medical Director, to ensure that appropriate medical care and standards are met by EMS on every call.
What is Registration? (in regards to licensure/certification)
Where records of education, state license/certification/re-certification are held by a recognized board of registration.
In what legislative act was US Department if Transportation (DOT) created and what was its purpose?
National Highway Saftey Act of 1966 - US DOT was created to provide authority and financial support for development of basic/advanced life support programs.
Define “Literary Review” and “Peer-Reveiwed.”
Literary Review: form of research with the researcher gathers existing data on the subject matter, summarizes and draws conclusion from it.
Peer-Reviewed: Provess in which research is reviewed by subject matter experts prior to publishing.
List the key factors of Safety culture.
2) support of a blame-free environment where mistakes can be reported without fear or punishment. 3) maintaining an organizational commitment to address repeated errors and safety concerns.
define “Inferential” research.
Inferential: Research format thay uses a hypothesis to prove one finding from another.
“Father of Paramedicine”
Dr. Eugene Nagel
Name the origin date/establishment date for each:
National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
National Highway Safety Administration
EMS recognized as its own specialty
NREMT: 1970’s
National Highway Safety Administration (1988)
EMS recognized as its own specialty branch within medicine - 1975
Name 2 classes and 2 levels (quality) of evidence from the American Heart Associations Recommendations & Levels of Evidence.
Class I (strong), Class IIa (moderate), ClassIIb (weak), ClassIII (no benefit-moderate), and ClassIV (harm-strong)
Level A - (highest quality), Level B-R(Randomized), Level B-NR (non-randomized), Level C-LD (Limited data), and Level C-EO(Expert Opinion).
During interfacility transfers, if medical direction is needed en route, who should be called for medical control?
The transporting facility is the source of medical control until the patient it handed off at the receiving facility and a full report is given.
Define each: Research Agenda, Research Consortium, and Research Domain.
Research Agenda: specific questions that a study aims to answer, and the precise method/design to gather data.
Research Consortium: Group if Agencies working together to study a topic.
Research Domain: Area (clinical, basic science, systems, or education impacted by a study.
List 3 Findings published in the 1966 “White Paper”
Lack of EME uniform and standards, Poor quality or non-existent ambulances, lack of communication between EMS and hospitals, lack of Personnel training, hospitals only having part-time staff, and more people died in motor vehicle accidents than in the Vietnam war.