BONES + JOINTS
What is the regional differences in spinous processes of vertebrae?
cervical = bifid and short
thoracic = long, thin and inferiorly sloped
lumbar = short and broad
Which ligamentum is the inferior continuation of ligamentum nuchae?
supraspinous ligament
Iliocostalis is the most lateral column of erector spinae, attaching to:
angles of ribs
What are the branches of the aortic arch?
R brachiocephalic trunk, L common carotid artery, L subclavian artery.
Movement of the sternum and upper ribs (2-5) during respiration to increase the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax.
What is the classification of the atlanto-occipital joint?
synovial, biaxial, condyloid joint
What is the function of the intra articular ligament?
divides joint cavity into 2 parts
What is the muscle action of pyramidalis?
tenses linea alba
What is the innervation of erector spinae?
spinalis = medial branch of dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
longissimus and iliocostalis = lateral branch of dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
Name 5 accessory muscles of inspiration?
Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior, Serratus Posterior Superior
What are the borders of the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet?
inlet = manubrium, T1, 1st ribs and costal cartilages
outlet = xiphisternal joint, T12, floating ribs
What is the function(s) of ligamentum flavum?
brake flexion
protect z-joint capsules
protect neural tissue
What is the muscle actions of multifidus?
unilateral = lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of trunk and neck
bilateral = extension of trunk and neck
Which 2 skeletal muscles are innervated by CN XI?
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
What are the functions of the thoracolumbar fascia?
1. act as a retinaculum for muscles of the back
2. provide attachment site for muscles of limbs and anterior abdominal wall
3. stabilise the lumbar vertebral column
4. contributes to stability of the sacroiliac joint
What are the articular surfaces of the temperomandibular joint?
mandibular fossa of temporal bone, mandible condyles
Which two ligaments create the cruciform ligament and what is its function?
transverse ligament of atlas + longitudinal bands
limits flexion
Name muscles for quiet inspiration (all), quiet expiration (all), forced inspiration (3), forced expiration (3)
Quiet Inspiration = diaphragm, intercostals
Quiet Expiration = elastic recoil of diaphragm
Forced Inspiration = SCM, scalenes, trapezius, SPS, serratus ant, pectoralis minor/major
Forced Expiration = RA, TA, EO, IO, SPI, QL
What is innervation of muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication?
facial expression = facial nerve
mastication = mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Describe the anatomical boundaries of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx - chonanae -> uvula of soft palate
Oropharynx - uvula -> superior border of epiglottis
Laryngopharynx - superior border of epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Name 3 foramina in the skull and what exits each?
cribriform plate = olfactory nerve
optic canal = optic nerve
superior orbital fissure = CN III, IV, V1, VI
foramen ovale = CN V3
foramen rotundum = CN V2
internal acoustic meatus = CN VII, VIII
jugular foramen = internal jugular vein, CN IX,X,XI
hypoglossal canal = hypoglossal nerve
carotid canal = internal carotid artery
foramen magnum = spinal cord
What is the attachments and function of the stylomandibular ligament?
styloid process of temporal bone to angle of mandible
limits protraction and depression of the jaw
What is the common origin of erector spinae?
spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of T11-L5
median and lateral sacral crests
sacrotuberous, sacrococcygeal and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
iliac crest
Name innervation of each suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle?
anterior belly of digastric = CN V3
posterior belly of digastric = CN VII
stylohyoid = facial nerve
mylohyoid = trigeminal nerve
geniohyoid = ventral ramus of C1
thyrohyoid = ventral ramus of C1
sternothryoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid = cervical plexus
Explain the steps involved in swallowing?
Oral - voluntary phase in which the bolus is prepared and compressed against soft palate, and wave-like tongue elevation pushes bolus into oropharynx
Pharyngeal - involuntary phase in which the hyoid elevated larynx to close laryngeal inlet, tongue bulges posteriorly and bolus passes into pharynx
Oesophageal - sequential contraction of pharyngeal constrictors, bolus propelled into oesophagus and travels to stomach via peristaltic contractions.