Definitions and Terms
Stuttering is the term used worldwide; stammering is used in the UK and Ireland.
What is the difference between stuttering and stammering?
Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
What are the three core behaviors of stuttering?
Around 1%.
What is the point prevalence of stuttering in school-aged children?
Individuals who stutter say about one-third fewer words in a given time.
How does stuttering impact verbal output?
Stuttering decreases after five readings of the same passage by 50%.
What is the adaptation effect in stuttering?
"A person who stutters" (PWS) or "someone who stutters."
What are two person-first terms used for individuals with stuttering?
A complete stoppage of airflow or voicing during speech.
What is a block in stuttering?
Approximately 3:1 to 5:1.
What is the male-to-female ratio for persistent stuttering?
70% of individuals who stutter report it has hindered promotion.
How does stuttering affect occupational advancement?
Nervous and shy
What are stereotypical portrayals of someone who stutters?
Short moments where speech is disrupted but surrounded by normal-sounding speech.
What are "stuttering moments"?
Behaviors like eye blinks used to escape a stutter.
What are escape behaviors?
Unusual right-sided activity in speech areas and reduced white matter connectivity.
How does the brain structure of individuals who stutter differ from non-stuttering individuals?
70% perceive promotion challenges, 20% avoid promotion, and 7.5% report termination.
What percentage of people who stutter report being denied promotion due to their condition?
Longer and more complex sentences increase stuttering frequency.
How does grammatical complexity influence stuttering?
Disruption in verbal fluency involving involuntary repetitions, prolongations, or blocks, often accompanied by physical or emotional signs?
What is Wingate’s definition of stuttering?
Unnecessary verbal or nonverbal actions accompanying stuttering.
What are superfluous behaviors in stuttering
Monozygotic twins show higher concordance (53–85%) than dizygotic twins (34–36%).
How do monozygotic twins compare to dizygotic twins regarding stuttering concordance?
Stuttering affects quality of life as severely as neurotrauma or coronary heart disease.
How does stuttering compare to neurotrauma in terms of quality-of-life impact?
Speaking while singing or in unison often reduces stuttering.
What are fluency-inducing conditions?
Disordered speech versus normal speech interruptions or differences.
What is the difference between dysfluency and disfluency?
They distract from communication and draw attention to the stutter.
How do secondary behaviors impact communication?
GNPTAB, GNPTG, and NAGPA.
Which chromosomes have been linked to stuttering?
What is the effect of stuttering on educational attainment?
More severe stuttering correlates with lower educational attainment.
They revealed early childhood stuttering risk factors and incidence rates.
What did the Bornholm Studies reveal about stuttering incidence?