Cardiovascular Systems
What is the role of the circulatory system?
What is,
To distribute nutrients to each cell and waste from each cell in your body
How many chambers are in the human heart?
What is,
4
2 Atria and 2 Ventricles
What is the role of the respiratory system?
What is
To exchange gases needed for or resulting from cellular processes. It is only needed if the organisms tissues are too thick or blocked off by a substances like a waxy cuticle, disallowing gases to diffuse in and out of the body naturally.
What are steps of GI tract?
What is,
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
What is a essential nutrient compared to a nonessential nutrient?
What is,
A substance that must be attained from the diet as it cannot be synthesized
How many chambers are in a fish's cardiovascular system?
How many circuits?
What is,
2 chambers, 1 Atria and 1 Ventricle
1 Circuit
What is the makeup of the blood ? What hormone regulates red blood cell count?
Bonus: How much of the blood is plasma?
What is,
Red blood cells/Erythrocytes, white blood cells, platelets
Red Blood cells live about 4-6 months, their numbers determine the boundaries of how much oxygen your body can make. In the case of going to a area with less oxygen(thin air) you make more red blood cells.
Erythropoietin regulates the amount of blood cells you have, if you have too many your blood becomes thicker and your heart has to work harder to pump blood
Bonus: 55-60% of the fluid volume
How does air move in and out of the lungs?
What is
Primarily through pressure gradients in your bronchi and concentration gradients across the membrane of the alveoli
When you inhale your diaphram expands, creating more space and a area of lower or negative, pressure within your chest cavity. Since there is less pressure in you than outside of you air moves into your lungs carrying with it oxygen.
When you exhale your diaphram contracts, creating less space, and an area of higher or positive pressure in your chest cavity. Since there is more pressure in you than outside of you air moves out of your lungs carrying with it carbon dioxide offloaded from your blood at the alveoli.
What are the primary forms of digestions that occur in the GI tract? Where do the different types happen?
What is,
Mechanical; Mouth(chewing), Esophogus, Stomach(churning)
Chemical; Mouth(saliva),Stomach, Small Intestine
What do cells spend most of their energy on?
What is,
Making proteins
A frog has two circuits of blood flow, with a shared vesicle. What adaptations do they have to mitigate the blood mixing this causes?
What is,
A partial septum that acts as a baffle to regulate the flow of blood
They can intake oxygen in through a moist coating on their skin that dissolves oxygen, allowing them to "breathe" through their skin.
What is the AV node, and why would it malfunctioning possibly resulting in issues with how much blood is being delivered?
What is,
The Atrioventricular node serves to delay the signal coming from the SA node, specifically to give the atria have enough time to contract to fully fill the ventricles with blood. The heart is a displacement pump with pressure in one section helping blood move elsewhere in another, so if you dont have the right amount of blood going out efficiency suffers.
How and where are gases exchanged in the lungs?
What is,
The Alveoli
Deoxygenated blood coming in from the pulmonary artery goes into the capillaries full of carbon dioxide that then diffuses out at the alveoli as you will have more C02 in your blood than in your bronchi. + Oxygen does the same thing, it moves from an area of lots of Oxygen(the alveoli) to a area of little Oxygen(the blood).
Why is the surface area of the intestines covered in a "carpet" of villi?
What systems do different molecules go to?
What is,
To increase surface area. The more surface that can be covered the more spots for absorption of molecules by the intestinal cells. This also leaves room for transport proteins that are used to bring in molecules through active transport.
Fats will go to the lymphatic system as well as in the blood
Most others will go into the bloodstream
How much energy is contained in fat, proteins and carbohydrates? How might this relate to the function of these substances in diets?
What is
Fats: 9.5 Kcal per gram
Proteins: 4.1 Kcal per gram
Carbohydrates: 4.2 Kcal per gram
Carbohydrates and Proteins can effectively store a lot less energy per bit of mass on a organism than Fats. So for energy storage thats the most efficient it can be, animals create layers of fat to draw on when they need energy in the long term(also for insulation).What might be the disadvantages and advantages of a fish's circulatory system compared to a reptile or amphibians?
What is,
Though low pressure a fish's oxygenated blood never mixes with deoxygenated blood and thus carries a richer amount of oxygen to its cells compared to a reptile.
It does however do this more slowly meaning it can't be as active as a frog or monitor lizard without some workarounds. Though a reptile or amphibian does have blood mixing it can pump its blood quicker comparatively getting less bang for its buck as it were but getting resources where they are needed faster, allowing a more active lifestyle.
What is the SA node, and why is it called the pacemaker of the heart?
What is,
The Sinoatrial node is a bundle of cells that set off a electrical signal that induces your heart to beat, thus literally setting the pace of the hearts beat.
What is bulk flow and how does it relate to inhalation and exhalation?
What is,
Bulk flow is the mass flow of particles from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure due to entropy. If you stuff a bunch of air in a small box and connect a tube to a bigger box, the air will rapidly flow out into the bigger box.
When you inhale you make a negative pressure area and allow a bunch of molecules into your bronchiole tubes. But when you exhale your diaphragm contracts and so you have a bunch of molecules pressed into less space. They thus bump into each other pushing themselves towards areas with less pressure(this is part of why your bronchiole tubes get larger the closer they are to the trachea).
A possible analogy is a large crowd of people trying to exit a roof, you are hemmed in by the crowd so you can't passively go against the flow of people.
What is the stomach's role? What does it make that helps it break down proteins and create chyme?
Bonus: what liquid(s) does the stomach absorb easily?
What is
Pepsin is an enzyme that helps break down proteins
Hydrochloric acid or stomach acid helps break bonds creating the acidic slurry of chyme
Bonus: The stomach absorbs water and alcohol easily through osmosis as it is lined with blood vessels but the small intestine takes up the majority of your water.
What hormone would lead to a mouse not feeling hungry even while starving if kept in its system in high amounts?
What hormone would lead to a mouse not feeling satisified no matter how much it ate, if it was present in its system in high amounts?
What is,
Leptin would cause the mouse to not feel hungry
While Ghrelin would cause the mouse to fee lhungryWhat are the advantages of the two-circuit system like that held by mammals, birds, and crocodilia when it comes to activity levels? What might be the disadvantages of this?
What is,
Benefit, blood flow remains high pressure for a larger amount of its trip compared to fish. So you can afford to be much more active in case of life or death. The downside, is high pressure means if you get nicked you are like a hose, greater risk of bleeding out.
Why are coronary arteries called arteries and how does their function prevent a heart attack?
What is
They feed a constant flow of oxygenated blood to the muscles that contract the heart. When this flow is disrupted whether by blockage or a leaky artery the hearts contractions may disrupted leading to a heart attack.
Why can you run while breathing when a crocodile couldnt?
What is,
Due to your diaphrams muscles being what give and constrain space to allow the pressure shifts that allow inflow and outflow of gases into and out of lungs. A crocodile has a fixed rib cage, and so has use its chest wall muscles for the same role.So when it runs it cant adjust them them to facilitate inhalation or exhalation.
What 3 organs work with your small intestine? What does each do?
What is
The pancreas which makes bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach. and enzymes that break down complex molecules into less complex ones.
The liver which makes Bile, which acts like a detergent, breaking down lipids and separating out blobs of fatty molecule
The gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, determines the upper limit on the amount of fat you can feasibly digest.
Why do you think your gut bacteria aren't directly in your blood?
What is,
Carrying capacity and parasitisn
A number of reasons, your gut bacteria help breakdown inedibles and affect a lot of your health by allowing you to extract calories from food more efficiently. They however arent the same being as you and can compete for resources and cause damage if they enter your body