Early Native Cultures
The Pueblo peoples adapted to their environment by building these homes out of clay and stone.
Adobe Dwellings
This system of forced labor, granted colonists the right to extract tribute and labor from Native peoples, often leading to brutal exploitation.
encomienda system
Founded in 1607, this settlement became the first permanent English colony in North America.
Jamestown
This colonial region, dominated by Puritan settlers, emphasized town meetings and congregational churches as central to their political and social life.
New England
This wealthy Virginian was sent to the Ohio River Valley in 1754 to challenge French claims, sparking the first skirmishes of the French and Indian War.
This Native American group built large mounds spanning from Modern-day Illinois into the Southeast
The Mississippians
This Spanish priest, became a strong advocate for Native American rights, writing A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1542.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
This 1620 agreement, signed aboard ship, created a self-governing compact for English settlers at Plymouth and is often considered a foundation of American democracy.
Mayflower Compact
Nicknamed the “bread colonies,” this region developed diverse economies of farming and trade, attracting settlers from different European backgrounds such as the Dutch, Germans, and Quakers.
Middle Colonies
One major cause of the French and Indian War was competition between Britain and France over control of this key region west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Ohio River Valley
These THREE crops served as the basis of agriculture in the SW regions of North America
Maize (Corn), Squash, Beans
Missions were central to this goal, particularly in the Southwest, where Franciscan friars aimed to achieve this major objective.
conversion of Native peoples to Christianity (Catholicism)
This environmental factor in the Chesapeake region made the colony heavily dependent on indentured servants, and later enslaved Africans.
Tobacco Cultivation
This region’s economy revolved around cash crops like rice and indigo, leading to the development of a plantation system heavily dependent on enslaved African labor.
Southern Colonies
This 1754 plan, proposed by Benjamin Franklin, called for greater colonial unity and defense cooperation, but was ultimately rejected by both the colonies and the Crown.
Albany Plan of Union
Located in the Northeast, this group was largely organized around a form of political alliance.
The Iroquois Confederacy
The development of the ________ enabled ships to travel much longer distances than previous eras
The Caravel
This 1630 sermon by John Winthrop expressed their vision of creating a model Christian community.
City Upon A Hill
Founded by the "Society of Friends" this colony believed in religious toleration and was ethnically the most diverse of the colonies
Pennsylvania
This 1763 treaty ended the French and Indian War, giving Britain control of French Canada and territory east of the Mississippi River.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Name two examples of how geography shaped Native life.
Irrigation in the Southwest, bison hunting in the Plains, mound-building in Mississippi Valley, etc.
One of the most notable uprisings, occurring in 1680 in modern-day New Mexico, temporarily expelled the Spanish from the region.
The Pueblo Revolt
This 1676 uprising in Virginia, led by frontier settlers against colonial elites, revealed tensions between poor farmers, indentured servants, and the colonial government, accelerating the shift toward African slavery.
Bacon's Rebellion
in the South, this type of representative assembly, established in 1619, became a model for colonial self-government.
The Virginia House of Burgesses
One effect of the war was this 1763 British decree, which restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and angered many colonists.
Proclamation of 1763