Basics of Exclusion
This term describes a community that was purposely "all-white" and excluded non-white residents with local laws and intimidation after dark.
What is a Sundown Town?
This Orange County city recorded zero Black residents in its census data from 1920 to 1940.
what is brea?
This modern economic barrier in Orange County is a direct result of historical property appreciation from which excluded families could not benefit.What is the housing affordability gap (or high housing cost)?
What is the housing affordability gap?
The McCoy incident, where a Black family's home was targeted by a mob, occurred in this major U.S. city.
What is Chicago?
This racist organization was highly active in the 1920s in cities like Anaheim and Brea, with members even holding city offices.
What is the KKK?
In 1950, this was the incredibly low percentage of the total Orange County population that was Black.
what is 0.5%?
In 2020, Orange County saw a 35% increase in these crimes, with anti-Black incidents being the most common.
What are hate crimes?
Like the McCoys, Black families in this OC city faced organized harassment when trying to buy homes in the 1940s.
What is Placentia or Fullerton?
This term refers to the "warning" often given to Black people that they were expected to leave a town before dark.
What is a sundown sign?
This landmark 1947 Orange County court case ended school segregation for Mexican-American children and preceded Brown v. Board of Education.
What is Mendez v. Westminster?
This term describes areas in North and Central OC that have lower access to fresh produce compared to South County.
What are food deserts?
This specific form of intimidation, similar to the McCoy incident, was reported by Black families in Fullerton well into the mid-20th century.
What are cross burnings?
According to the "Great Retreat" pattern described by Loewen, Black residents were pushed out of suburbs into the neighboring major city.
What is LA?
These legal clauses in property deeds explicitly stated land could only be sold or rented to "persons of the Caucasian race."
What are racially restrictive housing covenants?
This practice involved federal "security maps" that graded neighborhoods based on racial makeup to determine mortgage eligibility.
What is redlining
In 1917, 100 Black workers were brought into OC from Los Angeles for this specific agricultural purpose, only to face later exclusion.
What is harvesting sugar beet fields?
James Loewen uses this specific term to describe the period between 1890 and 1940 when thousands of white communities across the North and West forced out their Black populations, causing them to "retreat" into segregated urban centers like Los Angeles.
What is the great retreat
This local family's experience with discrimination in 1963 led to the Supreme Court case Reitman v. -----, which struck down California's anti-fair housing initiative.
Who were the Mulkeys?
Approximately this many residents currently live in poverty in Orange County, disproportionately in historically redlined areas.
What is 296,000?
This federal act passed in 1968 officially prohibited racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
What is the fair housing act?