Pedigrees and Punnett Squares
In a pedigree, the shaded individuals represent this trait.
What is the trait that is being tracked?
This is the type of mutation in which one letter is exchanged for another and the resulting amino acid is changed to a different amino acid.
What is a missense mutation?
This is the condition needed for natural selection to occur in which individuals within a population have different traits.
What is variation?
This is what the "p" variable denotes in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What is the dominant allele frequency?
Too much UV radiation can decrease levels of this, leading to infertility and severe birth defects in offspring.
What is folate?
This Punnett square shows the cross between a homozygous dominant individual and a heterozygous individual. Use the letter "A/a".
What is *draw the correct Punnett Square*?
This is the type of mutation in which a TGA codon in an original DNA strand is a TGC in a mutated DNA strand.
What is a silent mutation?
This is an environmental pressure that acts on an organism to drive natural selection.
What is a selective pressure?
This is the variable used to represent the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
Too much UV radiation can damage this, which can sometimes lead to incorrect reparation, causing skin cancer.
What is DNA?
This pedigree tracks the dominant trait using the letter "A/a". It shows Mr. Stern's mother, a homozygous dominant individual, and Mr. Stern's father, a heterozygous individual. These are all of Mr. Stern's possible genotypes.
What is *draw correct pedigree* and AA/Aa?
This is the type of mutation when the original DNA strand is AUG TCA GGA GAT TTC ACT; the mutated strand is AUG TCA GGC AGA TTT CAC.
What is an insertion mutation?
This is the condition needed for natural selection to occur in which alleles are shuffled when passing from parent to offspring.
What is inheritance?
If the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.34, this is the frequency of the recessive allele.
What is 0.66?
Mutations are often thought of as "bad". Explain why this isn't true.
Mutations can either increase an organism's fitness, decrease an organism's fitness, or have no effect on an organism's fitness. The effects of a mutation are dependent on an organism's environment, not necessarily on the mutation itself.
This dihybrid Punnett square (using the letters A/a and B/b) shows a cross between an individual that is homozygous recessive for both traits and an individual that is homozygous dominant for the first trait and a carrier for the second.
What is *draw the correct Punnett Square*?
This is an example of a nonsense mutation.
What is *write correct nonsense mutation*?
This is the condition needed for natural selection to occur in which one trait in an individual increases it's fitness relative to another individual with a different trait.
What is differential survival and reproduction?
In a population of 100 rock pocket mice, 71 mice show the dominant dark fur phenotype and 29 mice show the recessive light fur phenotype. This is the value of "p".
What is 0.46?
These are the 3 factors of melanin production that determine one's pigmentation (think within a cell, not externally).
What are type of melanin, amount of melanin, and # of melanosomes?
This pedigree tracks the recessive trait using the letter "A/a". It shows Mr. Stern's maternal grandmother and grandfather, both carriers. Mr. Stern's mother expresses the dominant trait, but her younger brother expresses the recessive trait. Mr. Stern's father is a recessive individual. Mr. Stern and his younger brother are born, both expressing the dominant trait. These are all the possible genotypes for Mr. Stern.
What is *draw correct pedigree* and Aa?
This is the complete process of a creating a protein from genotype to phenotype, using as many vocab words as possible.
What is "DNA is transcribed in the nucleus into mRNA, mRNA travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosome the ribosome reads the mRNA and signals the tRNAs with the complementary anti-codons to bring amino acids until a STOP codon, peptide bonds bond the amino acids together, the completed protein folds (+ to - charges), and then leaves the ribosome to perform it's function"?
Explain why there are more light rock pocket mice than dark rock pocket mice living on light substrate.
Light mice are better camouflauged on the light substrate than dark mice. This allows for predators to more easily pick off the dark mice, leaving the light mice to survive to a reproductive age and produce offspring more often than dark mice.
What are p=0.52, q=0.48, p2=0.27, 2pq=0.5, and q2=0.23?
Explain why humans living closer to the equator evolved to have darker skin.
The closer to the equator, the more UV radiation there is. High UV radiation can decrease folate levels, leading to severe birth defects (lower reproductive success). Melanin protects against UV radiation, and causes a darker skin pigmentation. Over time, humans with less melanin near the equator had less reproductive success, leading to humans with more melanin (darker skin) to survive and have viable offspring.