Phonological Processes
What sounds are being mastered by preschool years (3-5)?
A. alveolar, glottal, plosives
B. plosives, nasals, vowels
C. fricatives, affricates, liquids
D. they should all be mastered by this age
fricatives, affricates, liquids
Jaxon is a 3 year old boy. He was born with a cleft lip and had surgery at 1 years old. He is being referred by his ENT for speech concerns posed by his mother. His mother describes his speech as “coming out of his nose a lot” and would like help in facilitating speech normal to his age. She is afraid that he will never be able to have normal speech and after hearing about options from the ENT is not feeling hopeful. As the clinician, you notice Jaxon has an overt submucous cleft. This means….
A. Oral surface of the secondary palate can be completely formed, while the nasal surface (or just the uvula) is incomplete; this would NOT be clearly visible
B. Oral surface of the secondary palate can be completely formed, while the nasal surface (or just the uvula) is incomplete; this would be clearly visible
C. Nasal surface is fully developed, while lips have cleft along left or right side; this would be clearly visible
D. All of the above
B. Oral surface of the secondary palate can be completely formed, while the nasal surface (or just the uvula) is incomplete; this would be clearly visible
This approach considers the function of sounds within children’s phonological systems as opposed to the characteristics of individual sounds. What else about this approach is true:
A. Targets that are non-stimulable
B. Targets are sorted into primary, secondary, and advanced target patterns
C. Targets are identified from the child’s largest collapse of contrast
Targets are identified from the child’s largest collapse of contrast
True or False: Criterion-Referenced Assessments measure a child’s performance against the ability to produce a target skill rather than against other children’s performance on a tool designed to assess that skill
True
Type of SSD characterized by speech sound errors typically with sibilants and rhotics (/s, z, r, ɝ/). Involved difficulty with the motor speech production, not a language issue.
What is Articulation Impairment?
When a final /l/ is produced as a vowel, this process is called:
A. vowelization
B. vocalization
C. epenthesis
D. coalescence
vocalization
Jaxon is a 3 year old boy. He was born with a cleft lip and had surgery at 1 years old. He is being referred by his ENT for speech concerns posed by his mother. His mother describes his speech as “coming out of his nose a lot” and would like help in facilitating speech normal to his age. She is afraid that he will never be able to have normal speech and after hearing about options from the ENT is not feeling hopeful.
You are the SLP assigned to Jaxon’s case, which aspect(s) would you include in assessing his speech?
A. prolongation of a sound such as /a/ and /i/
B. Counting backwards from 5-1
C. Syllable repetitions such as /papapapa/
D. A & C
D. A & C
Which phonological approach targets several error sounds that are part of a phoneme collapse in a child’s phonological system?
A. Minimal pairs
B. Multiple opposition
C. Maximal opposition
D. Treatment of the empty set
multiple opposition
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding Dynamic assessment?
A. Cues and feedback can be provided.
B. In contrast with static assessment
C. Inspired by Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
D. Can be used for bilingual children, but not for children with monolingual children with speech impairment.
Can be used for bilingual children, but not for children with monolingual children with speech impairment.
A cognitive-linguistic difficulty with pattern-based speech errors. This is the most common type of SSD.
example: /spəgɛti/ --> [bədɛti]
What is Phonological Impairment?
Which phonological process is NOT a form of syllable structure processes?
A. cluster simplification
B. cluster reduction
C. epenthesis
D. metathesis
cluster simplification
Jaxon is a 3 year old boy. He was born with a cleft lip and had surgery at 1 years old. He is being referred by his ENT for speech concerns posed by his mother. His mother describes his speech as “coming out of his nose a lot” and would like help in facilitating speech normal to his age. She is afraid that he will never be able to have normal speech and after hearing about options from the ENT is not feeling hopeful. The ENT warned his mom of possible rare side effects of a surgery to correct his submucous cleft. These side effects include: significant hypernasality, nasal air emission during speech, and regurgitation of food and fluids into the nasal cavity while eating. What is the ENT referring to?
A. velopharyngeal cyst
B. fistula
C. tumor formation
D. palatoplasty
B. fistula
What targets would be appropriate while using developmental approach?
A. Phonological processes occurring frequently but not all the time (i.e., < 100% occurrence)
B. Specific consonants and consonant clusters within a collapse of contrast must reflect maximal classification and maximal distinction
C. Phonological processes that affect intelligibility, such as idiosyncratic processes or extensive
D. A &C
A & C
Which level of phonological awareness would be the most simple (vs. complex)?
A. Segmenting sounds
B. Rhyming
C. Deleting sounds
D. Sound manipulation
Rhyming
This disorder is characterized by inconsistent productions of the same lexical item. A phonological assembly problem without any accompanying oromotor difficulties. Better imitated > spontaneous.
example - /tʌŋ/ --> [bʌns] [dʌn]
What is Inconsistent Speech Disorder?
ALL of the following are processes that DISAPPEAR by 3 include:
A. reduplication, weak syllable deletion, place and manner assimilation
B. cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion, epenthesis
C. postvocalic devoicing, gliding, place and manner assimilation
D. velar fronting, stopping, reduplication
reduplication, weak syllable deletion, place and manner assimilation
Jaxon is a 3 year old boy. He was born with a cleft lip and had surgery at 1 years old. He is being referred by his ENT for speech concerns posed by his mother. His mother describes his speech as “coming out of his nose a lot” and would like help in facilitating speech normal to his age. She is afraid that he will never be able to have normal speech and after hearing about options from the ENT is not feeling hopeful. Which of the following is not involved in the velopharyngeal function?
A. Soft palate
B. Velum
C. Pharyngeal walls
D. Tongue
D. Tongue
Which of the following is true regarding the complexity approach:
A. Children who have no concomitant cognitive or attention limitation
B. Goals target relatively later developing sounds
C. Children with a small phonetic inventory, but have good syllable structures
D. A & B
E. All the above
All of the above
______ assessments are usually standardized and are useful for comparing a child’s performance against normative samples to determine if a child’s performance is typical or delayed
Norm referenced
Speech Sound Disorders can be classified into 2 categories. What are they?
Phonology (i.e., Phonological Impairment, Inconsistent Speech Disorder) and Motor Speech (Articulation Impairment, CAS, and Childhood Dysarthria).
What is phonology and motor speech?
By 3 years, >90% of vowels (except for rhotic vowels) are correct, By 7 years, >90% of consonants, and consonant clusters are correct: true or false
False
Jaxon is a 3 year old boy. He was born with a cleft lip and had surgery at 1 years old. He is being referred by his ENT for speech concerns posed by his mother. His mother describes his speech as “coming out of his nose a lot” and would like help in facilitating speech normal to his age. She is afraid that he will never be able to have normal speech and after hearing about options from the ENT is not feeling hopeful. Velopharyngeal dysfunction accompanies:
A. Neuromotor disorder
B. Anatomical defect
C. Mislearning
D. A & B only
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
This approach targets carefully selected phonological patterns occurring 40% or more of the time in a prescribed sequence. Can include primary, secondary, or advanced target patterns. Use with children with highly unintelligible speech (less than 20% intelligibility) and multiple speech errors. Immediate success is important. Order of treatment based on which patterns facilitate fastest increase in intelligibility.
What is the cyclical approach?
In a normal distribution, we expect that __% will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean on either side (34%). __% will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
68%, 95%
Name the main differences between Dysarthria and CAS.
What is....
Dysarthria: motor speech disorder, problems with motor programming and execution. Neurological impairment
CAS: motor speech disorder, problems with planning and programming movement sequences, resulting in dysprosody and errors in speech sound production. CAS is better in spontaneous > imitated