Bones
What are the four types of bones shapes?
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
Ligaments vs Tendons
Ligaments: attach bone to bone
Tendons: attach muscle to bone
What is the origin vs the insertion?
Insertion: the bone that moves
Origin: the immovable bone
What muscle is most responsible for producing a movement?
Prime mover
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs
What is an example of the four different bone shapes?
Long: limb bones
Short: wrist bones
Flat: scapula
Irregular: vertebrae
Synarthroses: stable; no movement
Amphiarthroses: slightly moving
Diarthroses: free-moving
How do synergists help in muscle movement?
Gives support and/or that extra "oomph"
What is a motor unit?
A group of muscle fibers that are stimulated by the same motor neuron
How can you increase force?
- # of motor units
- frequency of motor neurons
- size
In your upper limb, what are the bones from Clavicle
--> fingertips
Clavicle-Scapula-Humerus-Radius/Ulna-Carpals-Metacarpals-Phalanges
What are the six different synovial joints?
Gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
There are three types of muscle tissue. What are they and how do they contract?
Cardiac: heart; involuntary
Smooth: lining internal organs; involuntary
Skeletal: larger movements; voluntary
How does recruitment relate to muscle movement?
More and more motor units are signaled to deliver a stimulus via increasing voltage
Do you know the posterior muscles?
See BBD
In your lower limbs, what is the pathway of bones starting at the pelvis --> ending at toes
Pelvis-Femur-Patella-Tibia-Fibula-Tarsals-Metatarsals-Phalanges
What is the difference between a ball and socket and a hinge joint?
What is the sliding filament model and how do sarcomeres help?
Sarcomeres are the contractile unit of the muscle.
- thick and thin filaments slide past one another: thick myosin heads grab the thin actin filaments and pull together
How are a lever and fulcrum connected?
A lever is where the weight is located/the rigid bar that moves, whereas the fulcrum is the fixed point where that movement occurs
Do you know the leg muscles?
See BBD
What does the process of bone remodeling do?
Osteocytes send a notice that bone needs to be repaired. The osteoblasts build the new bone. Osteoclasts breakdown and reabsorb the calcium into the blood.
What type of joint makes our thumb so special and why?
Saddle joint! It allows for all types of movement.
Describe the detailed steps that muscles take as they contract.
1. Motor neuron fires AP
2. Ach is released to synaptic cleft
3. Ach binds
4. Local depolarization
5. myosin is blocked from binding to actin and the muscle contraction occurs
What are the different types of lever systems?
1st class: effort on one side, load at the other, with the fulcrum in-between
2nd class: effort is at one end and the fulcrum at the other, the load is in-between
3rd class: load is at one end, fulcrum at the other with the effort in the middle
What is the correct order of the vertebral column, starting at the tailbone?
Coccyx, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical