Fundamentals of Surveying
What is a benchmark?
A permanent reference point of known elevation used in leveling.
What does GPS stand for? (extra 100 points for defining it)
Global Positioning System - is a US-owned radio-navigation system that uses satellites to provide positioning, navigation, and timing services.
What is reconnaissance in surveying?
The preliminary inspection of an area before beginning survey work.
What is the purpose of design in Army engineering?
To plan and create layouts for construction projects like roads, airfields, and bridges.
What are the main types of soil?
Sand, silt, clay, gravel, and loam.
What is the purpose of surveying in the Army?
To determine accurate positions and measurements of points for construction and mapping operations.
What is a Total Station used for?
Measuring angles, distances, and coordinates electronically.
What is the purpose of a field notebook?
To record all survey data, sketches, and measurements.
What is a cut and fill?
Earthwork processes to level terrain by cutting high areas and filling low ones.
What does CBR stand for?
California Bearing Ratio - A test to measure the strength of subgrade soil for road construction. It indicates how much load a soil can support compared to a standard material
What instrument is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles?
Theodolite or Total Station.
What is a prism used for in surveying?
To reflect signals back to the Total Station for distance measurement.
What is the purpose of establishing control points?
To serve as reference positions for future surveys or construction.
Why is drainage important in design?
To prevent water accumulation that could damage structures or roads.
Which soil type holds water the longest?
Clay — it has very small particles and poor drainage.
What is a topographic survey?
A survey that measures elevation and land features to create maps.
What should be done before using any survey instrument?
Check calibration, clean lenses, and inspect for damage.
What method is used to reduce measurement errors?
Taking multiple readings and averaging the results.
What is a site plan?
A drawing showing the proposed layout of structures and utilities on a site.
Which two soil types are best suited for road construction — sand, silt, clay, gravel, or loam?
Sand and Gravel.
well-graded mixture of sand and gravel is best for road construction because it provides high strength, excellent drainage, and stability under traffic and changing weather conditions.
What does “backsight” mean?
A reading taken on a known point of elevation to establish the height of the instrument.
Why is it important to calibrate survey instruments?
To maintain measurement accuracy and reliability.
What is a traverse?
A series of connected survey lines whose lengths and angles are measured.
What is the final step before construction begins?
Approval of the design plans and verification through field layout.
Why is soil important in construction?
Because soil supports the foundation, weak soil can lead to settlement or structural failure.