Development
This theory of development argues that some states will never develop because local elites collude with global elites to keep some countries in the periphery.
Dependency Theory
What is distinctive about Caribbean racial and color representation?
Black Majority; Various Ethnic Groups (African, Indo-, Chinese, & indigenous pop; don’t tell students until they answer Q for 200)
Connotations of Black and African are different in the Caribbean. Those in the Caribbean are less likely to identify as black or African.
This theory posts that slavery fueled the development of capitalism.
racial capitalism/The Williams thesis
This war marked the beginning of America’s imperial power in the Caribbean.
Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War (1898)
The U.S. became a de facto imperialist power in the Caribbean when Spain ceded PR, the Philippines, and Guam to the U.S.
What do development scholars call the phenomenon of too many educated people leaving a given country?
Brain Drain; Brain drain can be beneficial for the home country if the educated migrants move back home (EX: India and China). However, in most Caribbean societies, people move to the US permanently.
Name the three scholarly arguments for why nations fail.
Ignorance Hypothesis
Cultural Hypothesis
Geography Hypothesis
Name at least 3 ethnic groups that exist within the Caribbean
PR carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian, and 20% Sub-Saharan African
What was the Triangular Slave Trade?
“The combination of the Negro slave trade, Negro slavery and Caribbean sugar production is known as the triangular trade. A ship left the metropolitan country with a cargo of metropolitan goods, which it exchanged on the coast of West Africa for slaves. This constituted the first side of the triangle. The second consisted of the Middle Passage, the voyage from West Africa to the West Indies with the slaves. The triangle was completed by the voyage from the West Indies to the metropolitan country with sugar and other Caribbean products received in exchange for the slaves. As the slave ships were not always adequate for the transportation of the West Indian produce, the triangular trade was supplemented by a direct trade between the metropolitan country and the West Indian islands” (Williams p. 457).
Who are Papa Doc and Baby Doc?
Francois Duvalier (1957 to 1971) and Jean-Claude Duvalier (1971 – 1986). Father-son dictators of Haiti who with nominal anti-communist views who were supported by the US.
Money that flows back from one country to another is known as ______?
Remittances- Many Caribbean societies depend on remittances to support their economies (EX: DR).
What are the differences between modernity and development?
Modernity refers to modern life-style, values. Development refers to self-sustained growth, Caribbean islands, such as PR have modernity, such as huge malls, but don’t have self sustained growth. Jamaica is very advanced, but almost bankrupt. A nation can be modern and yet, underdeveloped.
How did the Spanish Caribbean colonies differ from the US in their treatment of race?
Racial mixing was big in Spanish colonies, i.e. as a buffer to prevent resurgence among the African population. The colored population in the Caribbean also owned property whereas in the U.S. if you freed a slave, the slave had to leave the state.
This is thought to be the first genocide within the modern world.
Death of the Tainos
This policy gave the U.S. gave the “control over Cuba’s foreign and economic policies, the right to intervene militarily to protect US property in Cuba, and the right to develop coaling and naval stations on the island.”
Platt Amendment. This is how Guantanamo Bay was est. ** Amendment was repealed in 1934 as part of FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy, but US control over Guantanamo Bay continued. In 1961, “Washington breaks off all diplomatic relations with Havana. The US sponsors an abortive invasion by Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs; Castro proclaims Cuba a communist state and begins to ally it with the USSR.”
If I assimilate into a society, but only a piece of it (i.e. not the dominant culture), what is this called?
cholars to describe when one does not fully assimilate to the dominant culture). This contrasts with straight line assimilation, the idea that immigrants fully assimilate to the dominant culture (was primarily used to describe white ethnic immigrants, i.e. pre-1965 before large groups of non-white immigrants came to the U.S.) There’s also upward and downward assimilation – Portes and Zhou.
How can we explain the divergent economic development in Barbados and Jamaica, two nations with seemingly similar institutions?
Henry and Miller argue that despite Barbados' fixed exchange rate and the devaluing of the Jamaican currency on several occasions, the “proximate source of Barbados’ superior performance was a set of growth-facilitating policies." Patterson argues that “while the institutions of both islands were formally similar, the claim that they began the post-colonial path to development on equal terms is seriously open to question” (p. 3). Thus, it may not be the case that upon the end of colonial rule, Barbados and Jamaica may not have started on equal footing (which would imply selection bias). Rather than simply analyzing the difference in policies, Patterson argues that we must analyze how “the Barbadian regime [was] able to make the “disciplined” choices that it did, and what role did its colonial past, as well as its past and present institutional structures, play in enabling these policy choices and actions” (p.8).
Former emperor of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930 who is worshipped as God incarnate among Rastafarians; believed to be the second coming of Jesus.
Haile Selassie
This concept refers to "the loss of ties of birth in both ascending and descending generations" and 2) "a loss of native status, of deracination"
Natal Alienation
What was the relationship between war and nation building in Cuba and the Dominican Republic?
In Cuba (1868-1901), the relationship between war and nation building resulted in a popular nationalist identity, i.e. non-state led nationalist identity. In the Dominican Republic (1822-1844), in contrast, the relationship resulted in political and economic isolation.
What are the pros and cons to transnationalism?
Potential Benefits:
Remittances sent back home can improve living conditions for relatives and can improve the home country’s economy (ex: Dominican Republic)
Increased cultural and ethnic diversity in host country
Improved economic, political and cultural practices in home country. “For instance, many young women in Miraflores, Dominican Republic no longer want to marry men who have not migrated because they want husbands who will share the housework and take care of the children as the men who have been to the United States do. Other community members argue that Dominican politicians should be held accountable just like Bill Clinton was when he was censured for his questionable real estate dealings and extramarital affairs” (Levitt, p. 24-5).
Better economic and educational opportunities for migrants
Potential Disadvantages:
Family dependence on remittances in some countries/consumer culture
Arguably less American patriotism among transnational migrants
Weaker ties to home country
Lack of resources in home country due to out-migration of educated, highly skilled population. EX: lack of physicians to treat AIDs victims in some third-world countries
Some argue that the outsourcing of highly qualified migrants in the tech industry, for example, is taking jobs away from qualified Americans.
What is the paradox of foreign aid dependency? Provide an example.
Part of the issue is that some aid is in the form of loans that Haiti is expected to pay back! They can't afford it so it just puts them in more debt (i.e. the aid trap)!!!!! A lot of the aid that is undertaken in Haiti is temporary; "short-term programs to maintain a population in times of crisis" (Buss and Gardner p. 32).
This word is used to describe the merging of religious traditions and practices (e.g. candles in a Catholic church or mixture of Old Testament with black-nationalist message)
Syncretism
How did Asian laborers resist the "new form of slavery" in the Caribbean? How does this compare to African slave resistance?
Similar to African slave resistance. Via Revolt; suicide; and some Indian men killed their wives (Palmie and Scarano, p. 358-359).
Under this policy, the (1) the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation.
The Monroe Doctrine – “Although initially disregarded by the great powers of Europe, the Monroe Doctrine became a mainstay of U.S. foreign policy. In 1823 U.S. President James Monroe proclaimed the U.S. role as protector of the Western Hemisphere by forbidding European powers from colonizing additional territories in the Americas. In return, Monroe committed to not interfere with the affairs, conflicts, and extant colonial enterprises of European states. Although initially a hands-off approach to foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine—and the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary, which supplemented it—laid the groundwork for U.S. expansionist and interventionist practices in the decades to come.”
Name the four types of transnational migrant-sending states.
1. Strategically selective state: “encourages expatriates’ engagement with the home country but does not grant them citizenship rights or allow their full political participation in national affairs” (p. 7). EX: Haiti and Barbados
2. Transnational nation-state: “defines its migrants as long-distance members, grants them dual citizenship, and incorporates them as an integral part of public policies” (p. 7).
3. Disinterested and denouncing state: least common; treats migrants as outsiders, “suspicious and even traders” (p. 7). EX: Cuba, former Czech, and Vietnam
4. Transnational colonial state: “dependent territories with large migrant populations in the metropolitan countries...although residents of the dependent territory and its metropole share the same citizenship, the former are often treated as foreigners in the ‘mother country’” (p. 8). EX: Puerto Ricans in the US, Antilleans in the Netherlands and in France