products and energy
What are the industrial co-products
Blood
Brains
Bones and skin
Dried bones
Gall stones
hair
Meat scraps
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are the percentage of costs for the major nutrients
Energy - 60%
Protein - 25%
Phosphorus - 8%
Rest - 7%
What is digestible energy
Gross energy minus fecal energy
What is metabolizable energy
Digestible energy minus urinary and gaseous energy
What is crude protein
Nitrogen content x 6.25 = crude protein (average N content of proteins is 16g N/100 g protein
Referred to as crude because of the assumptions inherent in the equation - all proteins contain 16% nitrogen, all nitrogen is present in proteins
Crude protein does not equal true protein
Crude protein value is sufficiently accurate for more purposes in swine nutrition
What are the pharmaceutical co-products
Adrenal glands
blood
heart
intestines
pancreas
Pineal gland
pituitary
skin
thyroid
What are the different types of energy systems in animals
Gross energy
Digestible energy
Metabolizable energy
Net energy
Which of the following is/are not involved in determining DE of feeds or feed ingredients
a) adaption of animals to feed and crates
b) collection of feces
c) collection of urine
d) energy measurement in a bomb calorimeter
e) euthanasia of animals
C and E
What is the equation for ME
ME = (total energy intake - (total energy excreted + total urine energy)) / Feed intake
What is the difference in protein vs amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks/monomeric units that make up proteins in animals
Pigs have requirements for amino acids, not proteins
Pigs get most of their amino acid needs from the proteins in feedstuffs they ingest, amino acids are released during digestion and absorption of proteins
What are the forms of energy
Mechanical, thermal, electrical, light, nuclear, chemical energy
What is gross energy
Maximum quantity of energy in a given sample
What are the methods of determining digestible energy
Total collection method
Index method
What are the benefits and limitations of the ME systems
The ME system is simple to use and is the current default system
Considered a reliable index of what is available to the animal for maintenance and production
The ME does not take into account energy lost as heat increment
It does not consider energy partitioned for maintenance and production
What is the difference between essential vs nonessential amino acids
Essential - cannot be synthesized, or at least at a rate sufficient to permit optimum growth or reproduction. must be provided in the diet
Nonessential - can be synthesized by body cells and do not need to be provided in the diet
Conditionally essential - become essential in certain situations
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another
What are the two equations for gross energy
1 - GE (MJ/kg) = 18.73 - 0.192 x Ash + 0.223 x ether extract + 0.065 x CP
2 - GE (Kcal/kg) = 4143 + (56 x %EE) = (15 x %CP) - (44 x %Ash)
What is the calculation for digestible energy
DE = (total energy intake - total fecal energy excretion) / (feed intake)
total energy intake is (feed intake x GE of feed)
What is net energy
Metabolizable energy minus heat increment
What are the essential amino acids
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
What are the sources of energy for pigs
ATP - protein, lipid, CHO
the efficiency of utilization of protein, lipid or CHO for ATP production varies
The utilization of ATP for protein or lipid deposition is variable
What are the uses and limitations of gross energy
Can be used to rank or select feed ingredients
not all gross energy that is consumed will be retained by the animal
Losses in the feces and urine, and as gases and heat. Based on these losses in the process of energy utilization, different energy systems have been developed
What are the uses and limitations of digestible energy
Accounts for undigested energy
DE if affected by age of pigs, fiber level in the diet, feed intake and feed processing techniques
DE does not take into account energy lost in urine and gases
What do energy requirements depend on
Animal age
Gender
Productive function/phase
Parity
Expected number of piglets
Environmental/housing conditions
What are the non-essential amino acids
Alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, serine