Advanced Digestion
This sphincter regulates the release of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
Which tissue type lines the small intestine and why is its structure ideal for absorption
epithelial tissue; it's thin, with microvilli to increase surface area
What keeps the trachea open and prevents it from collapsing during inhalation
C-shaped rings of cartilage
Which blood vessel type has valves and why
veins, to prevent backflow of blood?
This digestive disease causes inflammation of the intestines and can lead to pain, diarrhea, and fatigue
Crohn's
What would likely happen if the mucous lining of the stomach were damaged
stomach would digest itself, ulcers
Connective tissue has various roles. Name one structure in the circulatory system composed largely of connective tissue
blood
During inhalation, how does the diaphragm facilitate air entry into the lungs
contracts and flattens, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure, drawing air in
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left atrium
This structure in the digestive system is often damaged by gluten in people with celiac disease
small intestine
The duodenum receives secretions from these two accessory organs. Name them and explain their roles
liver (bile emulsifies fats) and the pancreas (enzymes for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids)
Why do cardiac muscle cells contain many mitochondria
they need a constant supply of energy to sustain continuous contractions
Explain how the structure of alveoli maximizes gas exchange
thin walls, moisture lining, and vast surface area closely associated with capillaries
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle
because it needs to pump blood throughout the entire body
This ethical viewpoint holds that animals have inherent rights and should not be harmed, even for scientific benefit.
animal rights view
Identify and explain the difference in digestive enzyme function between the mouth and the small intestine
salivary amylase starts carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, while pancreatic amylase, proteases, and lipase in the small intestine finish digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats
This fold of tissue anchors the intestines to the abdominal wall and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
mesentery
Predict the effect of damage to cilia in the trachea
reduced ability to clear mucus and debris, increasing respiratory infections
Describe the role of plasma in the transport of non-cellular substances
it carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products dissolved in water
This digestive disease involves abnormal gut-brain interaction and often causes bloating and discomfort.
IBS
what mechanism does your body do when you are about to throw up
what are the percentages of components in blood
Blood is composed of about 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, and less than 1% combined of white blood cells and platelets
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the alveolar membrane
oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, and CO₂ diffuses from blood into alveoli, both down their concentration gradients
Why does blood slow down when it reaches the capillaries
because capillaries are narrow and numerous, allowing time for gas and nutrient exchange
According to the utilitarian view, animal dissection is acceptable if...
the benefit outweighs the harm and suffering is minimized