BLACKHAWK: PART I
This Pima U.S. Marine was immortalized when he was photographed raising the U.S. flag on Mount Suribachi
Who is Ira Hayes?
This 1913 Supreme Court case revolved around whether Pueblo lands, which were owned by land grants with the Spanish government and later recognized by the United States after the Mexican–American War, were "owned" by the Pueblo
What is United States v. Sandoval?
This federal law passed in 1953, sought to transfer criminal jurisdiction over tribal lands in six states from the federal to state government
What was Public Law 280?
This US federal agency in 1942 oversaw internment and established camps on Native lands
What is the War Relocation Authority?
This Flathead author and activist argued that "Reservations do not imprison us. They are ancestral homelands retained by us for our perpetual use and enjoyment."
Who is Darcy McNickle?
This Cold War ideology shaped US national policies
What is anti-communism?
According to Deloria, in contrast to white oppression of blacks in the form of forced exclusions, white oppression of Indians takes this form
What is forced inclusions?
This legislation passed in 1946, provided a mechanism for adjudicating outstanding land claims and offering financial restitution of alienated reservation lands.
What is the Indian Claims Commission (ICC)?
In 1923, this bill was defeated in Congress that would have allowed non-Native people to claim Pueblo lands if they could prove ten years of residency
What is the Bursam Bill
This organization was established to "study conditions" on Arizona reservations and to "secure cooperation between the federal and state governments in the promotion of the welfare of Indian peoples."
What was the Arizona Commission on Indian Affairs (ACAI)?
This Tlingit couple, with leadership roles in the Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Sisterhood, fought for fundamental citizenship rights and fought against acts of discrimination and segregation
Who is Elizabeth and Roy Peratrovich?
Cherokee Robert K. Thomas developed this program in 1956 to develop leadership for college retention and to brace for termination
What was the Workshop on American Indian Affairs?
This Native nation was informed by Utah Senator Author Watkins that to receive their settlement from timber theft, they would have to accept termination
Who is the Menominee Nation of Wisconsin?
According to Deloria, in transplanting European ideas and people to the Western Hemisphere, colonists violated this sacred principle of man's history
What is certain lands are given to certain people?
According to Dakota scholar Vine Deloria Jr., this single piece of legislation signed in 1944 became 'without a doubt, the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States."
What is the Pick-Sloan Plan and Flood Control Act?
This act, passed in 1924, created a land board, shifted the burden of proof to non-Natives, and provided compensation for lands and water rights lost
What is the Pueblo Lands Act?
In Congress in 1953, this legislation was passed, calling for the dismantling of the Indian Service and the dissolution of the trust relationship between the federal government and Indian tribes
What was House Concurrent Resolution 108?
By the end of WWII, _____ Native Americans had served in the US armed forces
What is 25,000?
This American Indian organization, founded in 1961 in Gallup, New Mexico, acted as a civil rights organization and was instrumental in the movement to preserve tribal fishing rights in the Northwest
What is the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)?
This initiative was designed by the BIA to encourage state welfare workers to expand their foster care and child placement programs
What is the Indian Adoption Program?
This is a function of a homeland, not an economic system that appears to hold sway over a region
What is culture?
This federally funded program sent over one hundred thousand individuals to urban locations for vocational training and employment assistance
What is the "relocation" program?
This individual was guided by "progressivism" and saw Pueblo ceremonies as an antidote to what he believed were modernities excessiveness
Who is John Collier?
According to Osburn, Indigenous leaders articulated a vision of citizenship grounded in the opportunity to develop one's ______ as American citizens
What is "full potential"?
This Osage individual from Oklahoma became the first American Indian to rise to the rank of major general
Who was Clarence Tinker?
This Makah individual coined the phrase, "Better Red than Dead," when asked how non-Natives might respond to the prospect of being forced to live under Soviet occupation
Who is Sandy Osawa?
Self-discovery, cultural pride, and above all creative expression defined this institution
What is the Institution of American Indian Arts (IAIA)?
This, according to Deloria, was the most feverish activity in America
What is land speculation?
This policy intended to extinguish the federal government's centuries-long relationship with Native nations and curb its treaty commitments and trust doctrine
What is the "termination" policy?
This group of Native individuals served under Calvin Coolidge to help reform the federal administration overseeing Native affairs in 1923
Who is the Committee of 100?
According to Osburn, tribal methods of law enforcement were very effective and emphasized ____, not ____.
What is reconciliation and punishment?
This organization was established in 1944, and its initial platform centered on the GI Bill, voting rights, integration, and the Indian Claims Commission
What is the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)?
During the American Indian Chicago Conference in 1961, this document was created to attack termination, formulate an Indian agenda, and develop a shared declaration of principles
What is the Declaration of Indian Purpose?
The Lakota Treaty of 1868 became a justification for this event
What is the occupation of Alcatraz Island (1964)
According to Deloria, equality is another term for what
What is sameness?